A) What is the purpose of foundations? Express your opinion in 3-5 sentences

Read the following passages and compare your ideas:

1. The main purpose of the foundation is to distribute the structural load over a large bearing area without causing bearing capacity failure and excessive settlement to obtain a level and hard strata or bed for building operations to increase the stability of the structure as a whole.

2. A good strong foundation ensures good strong stable ground for a good strong and lasting structure. If you build a house on sand and the sand around one of the corners of the house washes away due to rain water falling off your building the building will begin to sink in that corner and the result will eventually begin cascading further along the buildings edges and sides until the entire building is consumed by leaning caused by unstable ground.

3. При наших совсем не «плюсовых» зимах слой грунта сверху промерзает. Вода, содержащаяся в нем, замерзает и расширяется. И грунт вспучивается, в зависимости от количества воды в его замерзшем слое. Коэффициент расширения у сильнопучинистых грунтов иногда достигает 12%, а обычно – около 10. Это означает, что при глубине промерзания 1,7 м грунт может приподняться на 10-15 см. Чтобы эти зимние вспучивания не разрушили или не перекосили дом, и нужен фундамент.

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“A successful man is one who can lay a firm foundation with the bricks others have thrown at him. “ (David Brinkley)

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“The loftier the building, the deeper must the foundation be laid.” (Thomas Kempis)

3 Discuss the following:

• Write a paraphrase. • Say whether you agree or not, and why.

READING

4 a) Transcribe the following words:

drought, load-bearing, strength, weight, artificial, endanger, plumbing, superimposed, depth, specific.