Borrowings after the Roman Invasion

Semantic areas:

· trade (trade, deal, chest, flask, etc.);

· building (chalk, file, copper, etc.);

· domestic life (dish, kettle, etc.);

· military affairs (wall, street, pile, etc.);

· place names:

- -castra (“castle”)(Chester, Lancaster, etc.);

- -port (“port“) (Bridport, Devonport, etc.).

3. Borrowings after the Introduction of Christianity (597) that lie within the following semantic areas:

· religion (angel, hymn, idol, pope, psalm);

· learning (school, scholar, master, accent, grammar);

· everyday life (plant, pine, radish, cap, sock, etc.).

31. Borrowings as a source of the replenishment of E vocabulary in ME & NE.

Latin loans in English.

Continental borrowings – words from Latin -- West Germanic tribes – OE

Borrowings after the Roman Invasion.

Semantic areas: trade, building, domestic life. military affairs, place names:

Borrowings after the Introduction of Christianity (597)

abstract concepts (exact, exaggerate, explain, fact, dislocate, accommodation, etc.) affixes de-(demolish, destroy, etc.), ex-(extract,, explore, explain, etc.), re-(reread, retell, retry, etc.), -ate(locate, excavate, etc.), -ent(apparent, present, turbulent, etc.), -ct(correct, erect, etc.)

Scandinavian invasion had made some effect on English:

7. words beginning on “sk” (sky, skirt, skin)

8. the system of personal pronouns (they, them, their)

9. the form ‘are’ of the verb “to be”

10. the ending –s- for Present Simple, 3-rd person singular (in verbs) (he makes, she gives).

11. the system of personal names ending on –son-: Davidson, Richardson, Jefferson.

12. there are more then 1500 words of Scandinavian origin in NE: sister, bad, fog, cake, get, again etc.

The influence was felt in 2 spheres

§ vocabulary – law, husband, loose, root, sky, smile, want;

§ morphology – the verb system was expanding.

French loans in English.

France and took its high culture and language.

8. French is the lang. of upper classes & some French borrowings replaced the native words (very, river, easy)

9. Many synonyms appeared: E.g.: language (Fr) – tongue (Eng);desire (Fr) – wish (Eng)

large, huge (Fr) – great (Eng)

10. French effected all aspects of life:

a. Government and administration: eg.: nation, people.

b. Legislation: e.g.: judge, court.

c. Military term: navy, war.

d. Literature and arts: music

e. Education: ink, college.

f. Fashion: dress.

g. Trade, profession: tailor, grocer.

h. Religion: pray.

i. Cooking: roast, fry, boil.

11. Some French affixes were contributed into English (com-, sub-, dis-, -ment, -ish, -able)

12. Digraphs used in French borrowings were adopted in the ME texts: |ou – u:| |ie – e:| | ch – t∫|

13. The introduction of the letters j, k, q, v

14. Two possible variants of pronunciation of G & C.

75% of borrowings have survived in NE.

Borrowing in NE

Most of foreign words retained a foreign appearance: spelling, stress.

1.French:-diplomatic term – attaché

-social life: ball, noble

-art-essay

-fashion- blouse,dress

2.Italian -musical terms: aria, concerto

-culture: balcony, design

-literature:replica, sonnet

3.Spanish- polit.fields:armada,embargo

-food: banana, chocolate

4.Dutch: trade: pack, cruise

art-landscape

5.German:-science:cobalt

-philosophy: transcendental

6.Russian -beluga, komsomol,vodka,samovar,sputnik.

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