Read and translate Text 5C into Russian

Text 5C. Who do we call a ‘Manager’?

A number of different terms are often used instead of the term ‘manager’, including ‘director’, ‘admin­istrator’ and ‘president’. The term ‘manager’ is used more frequently in profit-making organizations, while the others are used more widely in government and non-profit organizations such as universities, hospi­tals and social work agencies.

So, who do we call a ‘manager’?

In its broad meaning the term ‘managers’ applies to the people who are responsible for making and car­rying out decisions within a certain system. A person­nel manager directly supervises people in an organi­zation. Financial manager is a person who is responsi­ble for finance. Sales manager is responsible for sell­ing of goods.

Almost everything a manager does involves deci­sion-making. When a problem exists a manager has to make a decision to solve it. In decision-making there is always some uncertainty and risk.

Management is a variety of specific activities. Man­agement is a function of planning, organizing, coordi­nating, directing and controlling. Any managerial sys­tem, at any managerial level, is characterized in terms of these general functions.

Managing is a responsible and hard job. There is a lot to be done and relatively little time to do it. In all types of organizations managerial efficiency depends on manager's direct personal relationships, hard work on a variety of activities and preference for active tasks.

The characteristics of management often vary ac­cording to national culture, which can determine how managers are trained, how they lead people and how they approach their jobs.

The amount of responsibility of any individual in a company depends on the position that he or she occu­pies in its hierarchy. Managers, for example, are re­sponsible for leading the people directly under them, who are called subordinates. To do this successfully, they must use their authority, which is the right to take decisions and give orders. Managers often dele­gate authority. This means that employees at lower levels in the company hierarchy can use their initia­tive, that is to make decisions without asking their man­ager.