Формы герундия

Форма причастия	Действительный залог	Страдательный залог
Indefinite	reading	being read
Perfect	having read	having been read

Как видно, формы герундия совпадают с формами причастия настоящего времени и перфектного причастия. Indefinite Gerund выражает действие, одновременное с действием глагола-сказуемого; Perfect Gerund выражает действие, которое предшествует действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым.

На русский язык герундий переводится существительным, неопределенной формой глагола, деепричастием, глаголом в личной форме или придаточным предложением:

Students often have considerable difficulties in understanding the difference between the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite.

Учащиеся часто испытывают значительные трудности в понимании различия между настоящим совершенным временем (глагола) и прошедшим неопределенным. (или: «в том, чтобы понять различие...»)

1) A Japanese manager concentrates on getting his group to work together.   2) After graduating from the university I am going to work as an economist. 3) After having obtained the information the sales manager signed an agreement on supplying new machinery 4) Advertising is an important means of promoting goods. 5) Before selling goods you must do a lot of market research first 6) The manager knew of his firm's having placed several orders on purchasing wheat 7) I remember having talks about the delivery of tractors, the sales manager told me that they would grant a discount if we paid in cash. 8) We look forward to working with you and extend our best wishes for every success. 9) Looking after customers and staff is expensive and time consuming. 10) To improve profitability you will need to consider increasing the quantity sold in order to improve sales revenue.     11) By reducing the cost of goods sold it is possible to increase gross profit.     12) When studying the finance and accounting aspects of business you will often be asked for ways of improving a particular element of a businness's financial position. 13) Implementing market reforms is a length process. 14) We have succeeded in maintaining productivity level over the whole period 15) The outcome depends on all the factors being used together.   16) The amount of these funds and the procedure for transferring sums is established by the Board. 17) The commercial banks could replace their depleted reserves by borrowing from the Bank of England. But that could be restrained by raising the rate of interest. 18) We object to diminishing the sum of the letter of credit, since the equipment is ready for shipment.   19) In dealing with statistical data it is necessary to have all the factors involved. 20) Calculating consumer price index is part of general statistic procedure. 21) The manager insisted on all the employees getting bonuses 22) Banks are specialists in the business of providing capital and in allocating funds on credit 23) Alter signing the addendum the manufacturing works started shipping the spare parts to the port. 24) They objected to the talks being held without all the parties represented.     25) In establishing a refinance rate it is necessary to take into account a monthly inflation rate.   26) We'd like you to advertise our goods by distributing our advertising material.

1) Японский менеджер концентрируется на том, чтобы заставлять свою группу работать вместе. 2) После окончания университета я буду работать экономистом. 3) Получив информацию, коммерческий директор подписал соглашение по поставке нового оборудования. 4) Реклама — важное средство продвижения товаров. 5) Прежде, чем продавать товары, вы должны сперва выполнить обширное маркетинговое исследование. 6) Менеджер знал о том, что его фирма разместила несколько заказов на покупку пшеницы. 7) Я помню, как во время переговоров о поставке тракторов коммерческий директор сказал мне, что они предоставили бы скидку, если бы мы платили наличными. 8) Мы надеемся работать с вами и и желаем вам больших успехов. 9) Забота о клиентах и штате является дорогой и трудоёмкой. 10) Чтобы повысить рентабельность, вам будет нужно рассмотреть увеличение количество продаж, чтобы, чтобы улучшить доход от сбыта. 11) Уменьшая издержки на производство проданных товаров можно увеличить валовую прибыль.   12) Когда вы будете изучать финансы и бухгалтерские аспекты бизнеса, вас будут часто спрашивать о способах улучшить отдельные стороны финансового состояния бизнеса. 13) Осуществление рыночных реформ — длительный процесс. 14) Мы преуспели в том, чтобы поддержать уровень производительности на протяжении всего периода 15) Результат зависит от всех факторов, используемых вместе. 16) Сумма этих средств и процедуры их передачи установлены Советом. 17) Коммерческие банки могли заменить свои исчерпанные запасы, заимствуя их в Государственном банке Англии. Но это могло быть ограничено из-за роста процентной ставки. 18) Мы возражаем против уменьшения суммы аккредитива, так как оборудование готово к отгрузке. 19) Имея дело со статистическими данными, необходимо учесть все факторы. 20) Расчет индекса потребительских цен — часть общей статистической процедуры. 21) менеджер настаивал, чтобы все служащие получили премии. 22) Банки - специалисты в обеспечении капитала, и в распределении фондов по кредиту. 23) После подписания дополнения завод - изготовитель начал отгружать запасные части в порт. 24) Они возражали против переговоров, проводимых без всех представленных партий. 25) При установлении ставки рефинансирования необходимо принимать во внимание ежемесячные темпы инфляции. 26) Мы хотели бы, чтобы вы рекламировали наши товары, распространяя наш рекламный материал.

3. Переведите следующие фразы на английский язык, употребив герундий
после предлогов «before», «after», «without»

Пример: прежде чем уехать - before leaving, не заплатив - without paying:
после того, как купили - after having bought

1) прежде чем включать эти товары в прейскурант цен; 2) получив нуж- ную информацию: 3) прежде чем рекламировать распродажу товара 4) сравнив цену их товаров с другими конкурентно способными товарами, 5) не контролируя цены; 6) не используя маркетинг в своей продаже; 7) до рекламирования распродаж: 8) после того как снизили себестоимость сырьевых материалов; 9) прежде чем снижать стоимость товаров: 10) после обсуждения предварительной информации. 11) после подписания контракта; 12) без предварительной оплаты, 13) до заключения сделки. 14) после того как получили прибыль; 15) без подсчета затрат; 16) до покупки облигаций; 17) после того как провели исследование рынка; 18) после введения ограничений на выпуск банкнот; 19) до продажи товаров со скидкой; 20) без оказания помощи; 21) до покупки ценных бумаг; 22) без обсуждения условий поставок

1) before including these goods in the list of the prices; 2) having received the necessary information: 3) before advertising sale of the goods 4) having compared the price of their goods to other competitive goods, 5) without supervising the price; 6) without using marketing on the sale; 7) before advertising of sales: 8) after having lowered the cost price of raw materials; 9) before reducing cost of the goods;   10) after having discussed of the preliminary information. 11) after having signed contract contract; 12) without paying prepayment 13) before concluding the transaction. 14) after having got profit; 15) without calculating of expenses; 16) before purchasing obligations; 17) after having conducted research of the market; 18) after imposing restrictions on release of banknotes; 19) before saling the goods at a discount. 20) without rendering assistance: 21) before purchasing valuable papers; 22) without discussing conditions of deliveries

4. Прочитайте текст. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту. Вопросы и ответы
запишите и переведите на русский язык

Text

Before selling goods, you must do a lot of market research first. The informa-
tion you are interested in is if there is the demand for your goods, what the market
potential is, what sort of competition you will meet. i. e how the price of >our goods
compares with other competitive products including those produced locally, local
conditions and preferences, local trading customs and habits, what seasonal tactors
should be taken into account. But in general marketing covers not only market re-
search, but also planning the product range and consequently the production itself,
price policy, advertising and promotion of sales, controlling the sales and post-sales
servicing.

So, marketing is a system of running all the business activities of a company in
respect of coordinating supply and demand for the goods produced.

Marketing may within the framework of market economy enable to co-ordinate
production and goods circulation for the purpose of using all the resources for the
benefit of people and for covering in the best possible way all their needs.

Advertising is an important means of promoting the goods that are being pro-
duced already as well as new lines in business.

Different kinds of mass media - TV, radio, newspapers, cinema, journals,
magazines, posters - are used for advertising goods. Special leaflets and other printed
matter about the goods may be published for the same purpose. Participation in fairs
and exhibitions helps promote our goods as well. Also, special advertising confer-
ences may be held. The choice of media for advertising depends on the kind of goods
and on the local conditions and people's habits.

Questions

1. What must you do before selling goods? — Before selling goods, you must do a lot of market research first. 2. What does market research include? — The information you are interested in is if there is the demand for your goods, what the market potential is, what sort of competition you will meet, i. e. how the price of your goods compares with other competitive products including those produced locally, local conditions and preferences. — Прежде, чем продать товары, вы должны сначала провести большой анализ рынка. Информация, которой вы интересуетесь, есть ли спрос на ваши товары, каковы потенциальные возможности рынка, какую конкуренцию вы встретите, то есть, как цена ваших товаров сравнивается с другими конкурентоспособными продуктами, включая произведенные в определенном месте, местные условия и предпочтения.

3. Define marketing. — Marketing is a system of running all the business activities of a company in respect of coordinating supply and demand for the goods produced.

Маркетинг — это система управления всеми видами деловой деятельности компании в отношении координирования спроса и предложения на произведенные товары.

4. Is advertising a part of a marketing plan? — Advertising is a part of a marketing plan.

5. What else does marketing include besides market research? — In general marketing covers not only market research, but also planning the product range and consequently the production itself, price policy, advertising and promotion of sales, сontrolling the sales and post-sales servicing. — Маркетинг включает не только анализ рынка, но также и планирование номенклатуры изделий и, следовательно, само производство, ценовую политику, рекламу и поощрение продаж, контроль после продаж и сервиса после продажи. 6. Is advertising a big force of promoting goods? — Advertising is a big force of promoting goods. —Реклама способствует продаже товаров 7. Do you know any special kinds of advertising goods besides mass
media? — Special leaflets and other printed matter about the goods may be published. Могут быть изданы cспециальные рекламные листки и другие печатные материалы.

1. Что вы должны сделать прежде, чем продать товары? — Прежде, чем продать товары, нужно сперва провести обширное маркетинговое исследование.

2.Что включает маркетинговое исследование? 3. Дайте определение маркетингу. 4 Реклама является частью маркетингового плана?^. 5. Что еще помимо анализа рынка включает маркетинг? 6. Способствует ли реклама продаже товаров? 7. Знаете ли вы какие-либо виды рекламы товаров, кроме средств массовой информации?

Text 2

John Maynard Keynes (1883 - 1946)
Theorist Who Brought Economics into the Twenties Century

John Maynard Keynes stands with Adam Smith and Karl Marx as one of the
worlds most influential economists. The son of a noted British economist, Keynes
amassed a fortune through speculation in stock and commodities. He served the British government as a financial adviser and treasury official through most of his adult
life and was a key participant in the negotiations following both World War I and 11.

Although Adam Smith had written The Wealth of Nations about the time o\ the
American Revolution, by the 1930s little has changed in the thinking of mainstream
economists Most would have agreed with Smith, that the best thing government
could to help the economy would be to keep its hands off. They reasoned that as
long as the economy was free to operate without interference, the forces of supply
and demand would come into balance Then, with total supply and demand in equilibrium, even one looking for work could find a job at the prevailing wage, and even
firm could sell its products at the market price

Questions

1. In what way did Keynes make his fortune? – Keynes amassed a fortune through speculation in stock and commodities. 2. What did he do most of his adult life? — He served the British government as a financial adviser and treasury official. 3 What were Smith's ideas as to the role of government in the market economy? — He thought that the best thing government could do to help the economy would be to keep its hands off. 4 When could everyone find a job at the prevailing wage according to Smith? — Everyone could find a job at the prevailing wage according to Smith, if the economy was free to operate without interference. 5. Which of Smith's works is well known? - The Wealth of Nations is well known.

1. Каким образом Кейнс заработал своё состояние? - Кейнс cкопил состояние с помощью сделок с акциями и сырьем. 2. Чем он занимался большую часть своей взрослой жизни? — Он служил британскому правительству как советник по финансам и официальный представитель министерства финансов. 3. Каковы были идеи Смита относительно роли правительства в рыночной экономике? - Он думал, что лучшее, что могло бы сделает правительство, чтобы помочь экономике, это держать от нее руки подальше. 4. Когда, согласно Смиту, каждый мог бы найти работу за преобладающую заработную плату? - Согласно Смиту, каждый мог бы найти работу за преобладающую заработную плату, если экономика свободна и действует без вмешательства. 5. Какая из работ Смита хорошо известна? - «Богатство Наций» хорошо известна.

Text 3
Money and Its Functions

All values in the economic system are measured in terms of money. Our goods
and services are sold for money and that money is in turn exchanged for other goods
and services. There is additionally a wider sense of the word «money», covering any-
thing which is used as a means of exchange, whatever form it ma) take. In general,
money has four functions. It serves as a standard of value, as a medium of exchange,
as a store of value, and as a standard or deferred payment (средство погашения
долга). Originally, a valuable metal (gold, silver, copper) served as a constant store
of value, and even today the American dollar is technically «backed» by the store of
gold which the US government maintains. Because gold has been universally re-
garded as a very valuable metal, national currencies were for many years judged in
terms of the so-called «gold standard».

Nowadays valuable metal has generally been replaced by paper notes. National
currencies are considered to be as strong as the national economies which support
them. Paper notes are issued by governments and authorized banks, and are known as
(legal tender). Other arrangements such as cheques and money orders are not legal
tender. They perform the function of substitute money and are known as «instruments
or credit». Credit is offered only when creditors believe that they have a good chance
of obtaining legal tender when the present such instruments at a bank or other
authorized institution.

The value of money is basically its value as a medium of exchange, or, as
economists put it, its «purchasing power». This purchasing power is dependent on
supply and demand.

Questions

1 What is the role of money and what are its functions ? Какова роль денег и каковы их функции? 2. What is the gold standard? Что такое золотой стандарт? 3. Who can issue paper notes ? Кто может выпускать бумажные деньги? 4 What is «legal tender»? Что такое «законное платёжное средство»? 5. In what case can one obtain large sums of money. В каком случае можно получать большие суммы денег?

1. Money has four functions. It serves as a standard of value, as a medium of exchange, as a store of value, and as a standard or deferred payment. У денег есть четыре функции. Они служат мерой стоимости, как средством обращения, средством сбережения, и средством погашения долга. 2. Because gold has been universally re-
garded as a very valuable metal, national currencies were for many years judged in
terms of the so-called «gold standard». Поскольку золото было повсюду считали очень ценным металлом, валюты разных стран много лет оценивали в выражении так называемого "золотого стандарта". 3. Paper notes are issued by governments and authorized banks. Банкноты выпускаются правительствами и уполномоченными банками. 4. Paper notes are issued by governments and authorized banks, and are known as (legal tender). Банкноты выпускаются правительствами и уполномоченными банками, и известны как законные платежное средства. 5. Credit is offered only when creditors believe that they have a good chance of obtaining legal tender. Кредит предлагается только, когда кредиторы полагают, что у них есть хороший шанс получить платежные средства.

Text 4

Banks are closely concerned with the flow of money into and out of the economy. They often co-operate with governments in efforts to stabilize economies and to
prevent inflation. They are specialists in the business of pro\ iding capital and in allo-
cating funds on credit. Banks originated as places to which people took their valuables for safekeeping, but today the great banks of the world ha\e man} functions in
addition to acting as guardians of valuable private possessions

Banks normally receive money from their customers in two distinct forms: on
current account and on deposit account. The bank in turn lends the deposited money
to customers who need capital. This activity earns interest for the bank, and this in-
terest is almost at a higher rate than any interest which the bank pa) s to its depositors.
In this way the bank makes its main profits.

We can say that the primary Junction of a bank today is to act as an intermedi-
ary between depositors who wish to make interest on their savings, and borrowers
who wish to obtain capital. The bank is a reservoir of loanable money, with streams
of money flowing in and out. For this reason, economists and financiers often talk of
money being «liquid» or of the «liquidity» of money. Many small sums which might
not otherwise be used as capital arc rendered useful simply because the bank acts as a
reservoir.

I he system of banking rests upon a basis of trust. Innumerable acts of trust
build up the system of which bankers, depositors and borrowers are part. They all
agree to behave in a certain predictable ways in relation to each other, in relation to
the rapid fluctuations of credit and debit. Consequently, business can be done and
cheques can be written without any legal tender visibly changing hands.