Introduction. Even if you do not personally come from a country area, you still know a good something about the farm situation in Russia

Even if you do not personally come from a country area, you still know a good something about the farm situation in Russia. But, though surpriseful it may be, some agriculture-related problems are truely ‘international’. In our opinion, you are expected to know basics of these burning issues as featured by foreign farms.

Exercise 1

The following words will be of use for you, especially when mastering the materials of this Unit. Study both their oral and written forms.

1) alternation - севооборот, чередование сельхозкультур;

2) cereals - зерновые;

3) fallow - “пар”, период “отдыха” поля;

4) aerial top-cropping - подкормка с воздуха;

5) large-scale machinery - многофункциональная техника;

6) chore - рутинная, утомительная работа;

7) adjacent - примыкающий;

8) to contrive- умудриться, найти способ (сделать что-то);

9) production costs - себестоимость;

10) to handle - обращаться, управляться;

11) obstacle - преграда, препятствие;

12) income - доход;

13) profit - прибыль.

WB Exercise 2

Read the text, filling in the table below. You are required to indicate favorable and adverse factors and tendencies that influence agricultural mechanization in each of the discussed regions.

Region	Favorable Factors	Adverse Factors

Text 3

The efficiency of farm production is one of the economic problems associated with agriculture that many countries still face nowadays. Some other economic problems are intensification and specialization of agricultural production, labour productivity, farm planning and management, prices for farm products, their marketing and others. Simple logic makes it evident that the first three issues are closely connected with farm mechanization and automation of agricultural operations.

In Canada andin many of the Eastern and the extreme Western states of the USA conditions are not unlike those in Great Britain, but the prairie farms are entirely different and represent - with the adjacent “Great Planes” area - one of the most extreme examples of mechanization that can be found in the world. Here, as in some Southern Russia’s steppe lands, the simple alternation of cereal cropping and fallow leads to a very inexpensive form of mechanization. This factor, supplemented by adequate farm human resources and up-to-date agricultural know-how, makes farming production costs reasonably low and, thus, agricultural production becomes more profitable.

New Zealand farms contrive to achieve a high output per man by making the best use of their pasture and climate, and generally providing each worker with as much equipment as he can handle for doing time-consuming chores such as milking. There is only one worker to about 155 acres (60 ha) of farm land. Extensive use is made of advanced techniques, e.g. aerial top-dressing, in order to improve the production from areas that are difficult or impossible to deal with by tractor power. This work, as with aerial top dressing and straying in the US, is carried out by contract services. The further mechanization progresses into such specialized fields, the more impossible it became for family farmers to carry out the work with machinery of their own.

Several of the countries of Eastern Europe and the USA are of particular interest from the viewpoint of mechanization, on account of their efforts which have been undertaken to employ nationally planned policies, through a system of very spacious state, business-owned and/or private farms. Such policies clearly permit rapid introduction of large-scale high-power machinery, and that directly leads to agriculture’s intensification and labour productivity.

Further increase in animal productivity is achieved both by the introduction of new machinery and by wider automation of various processes on livestock farms in the industrialized countries. Many farms are using now automatic waterers which provide water to livestock at all times; at the press of the button, silage unloaders remove the food stuffs from the silo and drop it into the conveyer that carries the silage to the feed troughs.

One of the basic principle obstacles to economic agricultural mechanization in many countries is particularly small size of farms. Though this is a quite serious problem in Britain, the situation in many countries of Western Europe is far worse, a high proportion of the farm being too small to provide a reasonable income for the occupiers in modern conditions. This is also one of the major problems in many other parts of the world, especially in parts of Africa and Asia, where farmers are also left face to face with the lack of skilled personnel and undeveloped techniques.