The Pine Arts

Mankind in its development has created a culture which is formed of two main branches: literature and the fine arts. The term "fine arts" applies to painting, graphic art, applied art, sculpture, architecture, music, cinema and photography.

Graphic art (drawing) is the basic form of pictorial art. In drawing the artist is able to be most free, spontaneous and direct. He has at his command a number of mediums best fitted for this purpose. With the invention of printing and lithography a special type of art - engraving and etching came into existence. With pencil and chalk masterpieces have been produced by such artists as Raphael and Rubens. Charcoal and pastel are also often used. Watercolour is best when one wants to convey movement and animation. Tempera is a species of watercolour (it dries quicker). Oil painting presents more possibilities than any other forms of art. Oil paints can be used with entire freedom. There are various types of pictures; „ landscapes, genre-painting, still-life, portraits, icons, frescoes, full-length (half-length, shoulder) portraits and posters tha$ may be executed mostly in oil.

Genre painting is presented by all schools and styles. Afiter the Renaissance, painting started developing steadily. The XVIII century was characterized by classicism which paved the way to ro­manticism and realism. Impressionism, surrealism and abstract (non-objective) art appears mostly in the XX century. The main aim of these styles is light and form not the essence.

(Из книги "Manuel 10^th Grade English Oriented School, авт. Meshavkina T.I., Shadrina M.P.)

Active Vocabulary

fine arts - изобразительное искусство

to paint - рисовать (красками)

painting - картина, живопись to draw - рисовать, чертить (карандашом)

(drew, drawn) drawing - рисунок

graphic art - графическое искусство

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medium - средство

to print - печатать

printing - печатание

to engrave - гравировать

engraving - гравюра

etching - офорт

to express - выражать

landscape - пейзаж,

seascape - морской пейзаж

mural painting - настенная живопись

sketch -эскиз, набросок

charcoal -уголь (древесный)

applied art - прикладное искусство

pastel - пастель

watercolour (colour) -акварель

genre painting - жанровая живопись

pave the way - проложить путь

fresco - фреска

canvas -полотно, холст, картина easel - мольберт

to depict -изображать

(to portray) to convey - передавать

still-life - натюрморт

poster - плакат

species - вид, разновидность

to execute - выполнять

brush - кисть

genuine - подлинный

marvellous - чудесный

natural - естественный

prominent - выдающийся

renowned - знаменательный

trivial - избитый, тривиальный

subtle - тонкий, утонченный

portrait - портрет

full-length p. - п. в полный.рост

half-length p. - поясной п,

shoulder p. - оплечный п.

oil - масляная краска

essence - суть, сущность

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Answer the Questions:

1. What are the two main branches of culture?

2. What do we understand by "fine arts"?

3. Why is graphic art considered the basic form of pictorial art?

4. When did engraving and etching come into existence?

5. What can be shown best by watercolours?

6. What can you say about oil painting?

7. What are the types of pictures?

8. When did Renaissance flourish?

9. What is the main aim of impressionism, surrealism and non-objective art?

10. What representatives of impressionism in painting and music do you know?

T E X T 5

A Short Summary of the History of Art

The beginnings of art can be traced back to prehistoric times when man used tools made of wood, "bone or stone, modelled figures, drew or painted his first pictures. The arts of ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome received their origin and development in the pre­ceding prehistoric cultures. The most usual art forms were the pyramids, vase painting and small religious statuettes in clay. The centre of medieval art was the church. Church buildings and their decoration flourished at that time. In Russia Rublyev's creations, his "Trinity" among them, established him as one of the world's great artists. The Renaissance, an age of discovery, found the painters deeply concerned with investigations and experiment. The human figure became essential in painting. The 15 century artists were fascinated by science, mathematics, geometry and, above all, the perspective. Giotto (1266-1337) and Botticelli(1445-1510) were the pioneers of the new style and representatives of the Early Renaissance., The High Renaissance records the painters' and sculptors' outstanding glittering and humane personalities. The Renaissance is an epoch of giants in art, such as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo and Titian in Italy, Durer in Germany and El Greco in Spain. In the I7th century a new academic movement, the Baroque, sprang up, the supreme exponents of the Baroque were Caravaggio (1573-I6I0) in Italy, Rubens (I577-I64O) and Rembrandt

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(1606-1669) in the Netherlands, Velasquez (I599-I66O) in Spain and Vermeer (1632-1675) in Holland.

The I8th century is the Golden Age of British art. It was in this period that British art attained a distinct national character. William Hogarth (I697-I764) was the first major artist to reject foreign influence and establish a kind of art whose themes were British. Hogarth was followed by a number of brilliant painters, Gainsborough with his lyrical landscapes and Sir Joshua Reynolds, who became the first president of the Royal Academy. There were many others, such as Wright of Derby, Lawrence, Ramsay, Constable and Turner. The I8th century in other countries saw a new style called rococo, which meant that baroque art had lO3t its sacred and enlighte­ning inspiration. Its high ideals were, lost in the frivolity of rococo. The outstanding artists in other countries were Goya (I746-1828) in Spain, J.L. David (1748-1825) and E.Delacrbix (1798-1863) in Prance.

(из книги "Manuel 10th Grade English Oriented School", авт. Meshavkina T.I. and Shadrina M.P.)

Active Vocabulary:

ancient - древний

prehistoric - доисторический

clay - глина

medieval - средневековый

church – церковь

to create - творить, создавать

creation - создание, (со)творение, произведение (науки, искусства)

to establish - основывать; создавать; учреждать;

устанавливать (обычай, факт)

the Renaissance [rәneisәns] - эпоха Возрождения, Ренессанс

the Early Renaissance - Раннее Возрождение

the High Renaissance - Высокое Возрождение

investigation - исследование, расследование

to be fascinated by - быть очарованным

above all - прежде всего; больше всего

to represent - представлять

a representative - представитель

to spring up - возникать, появляться

(to) influence - влиять на; влияние

to follow — следовать за

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rococo [rәkoukou] - pококо

baroque [bә'roukou, bә'rouk] - барокко

to mean (meant) - значить, означать

to lose (lost) - терять, утрачивать

to inspire - вдохновлять

inspiration - вдохновение

The pronunciation of the proper names:

Giotto [ ]

Botticelli [ ]

Leonardo da Vinci [ ]

Raphael [ ]

Michelangelo [ ]

Titian [ ]

Diirer [ ]

El Greco [ ]

Caravaggio [ ]

Rubens [ ]

Rembrandt [ ]

Velasquez [ ]

William Hogarth [ ]

Gainsborough [ ]

Sir Joshua Reynolds [ ]

Lawrence [ ]

Constable [ ]

Turner [ ]

Delacroix [ ]

Answer the Questions:

1.What is this text about?

2.Where did the arts of ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome receive their origin from?

3. What was the centre of medieval art?

4.What is the Renaissance called?

5.What artists are the representatives of the Early Renaissance?

6. What are the representatives of the High Renaissance?

7.When did the Baroque spring up?

8.What are the supreme exponents of the Baroque?

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9. What century is called the Golden Age of British art?

10. What artists represent the Golden Age of British art?

11. When did the rococo style appear?

12. What is the rococo style characterized by?