At this plant are paid on Fridays

5. All company employees receive an annual … rise of six percent.

6. The starting… for an engineer at this company is $15,000 per year.

7. The … for these services will be about 30 percent of the total cost.

8. A manager’s … depends on how well the business operates.

Exercise VI. Прочитайте текст и озаглавьте абзацы. Передайте содержание каждого абзаца одним предложением. Ответьте на вопрос, следующий за текстом.

In accounting, the process of allocating in a systematic and rational manner the cost of certain items of the assets (these are mainly capital assets) over the period of its useful life is known as depreciation. There are three main types of depreciation causing the decrease in value of an asset: 1) physical depreciation, 2) moral depreciation, 3) deterioration (порча, повреждение, износ).

In the process of production the capital assets gradually wear out, thus after a definite period of time they have to be replaced. This is known as their physical depreciation.

However, capital assets are also subject to moral depreciation, that is after serving for some period of time, they may become obsolete (устаревший) before they are physically worn out and have to be replaced by more up-to-date means of production. Such obsolescence (изношенность) of the assets is caused by technological changes and by the introduction of new and better machinery and methods of production. Obsolescence can also be cause by the commodity produced by the asset, for example, if it goes out of fashion. In the later case, the degree of obsolescence will depend on the specific nature of the asset. Sometimes assets can be easily adapted to alternative uses while others may have only one application.

Deterioration means a change in value of an asset because of the effects of nature, for example, for machinery this might be rust (ржавчина), for buildings it is connected with decadence (ухудшение), for farm lands it is caused by erosion.

In accounting, it is important to know depreciation of the capital assets as it increases the company’s expenses, so two main methods are used by accountants in calculating periodic depreciation. The most widely used is the straight-line method (метод равномерного исчисления износа), in which the rate of depreciation is constant for the entire working life of the capital assets. According to the second method known as accelerated depreciation method (ускоренный метод исчисления износа), the depreciation rate in the first years of asset use is greater than in the later years.

What types of depreciation are the following items subject to: computers, combines, farm buildings?

Exercise VII. Используя текст, закончите следующие предложения:

1. Most capital assets have a limited life due to …

2. Depreciation results from such causes as …

3. In the case of machinery one should take into account …

4. Obsolescence can be caused either …

5. The effects of nature decrease the value of capital assets because of …

6. The choice of depreciation method is particularly important …

7. In practice we often use the following methods of calculating depreciation…