Present Perfect Tense

READING RULES

G g	[G]	перед e, i, y	age, engineer, gym викл. get [g],give [g]
[g]	перед приголосними та голосними (крім e, i, y); у кінці слів	great, go, big, dog
[N]	у сполученніng	bring, wrong, strong

Exercise 1 Practice the following sounds.

[G]	[g]	[N]
language generation algebra original engine	gold bag girl dog good	sing thing working English king

Exercise 2 Read the words and explain the rules of reading.

Garbage, sing, king, bridge, bag, large, great, song, agronomist, language, go, village, agriculture, college, gauge, large, young, forget, cabbage, gorgeous, engineer, George, Germany, struggle, generation, region, again, grain, engagement, grow, geometry, bring, Google, angry, along, change, gymnasium, refrigerator, girl, original, geologist, gel, gene.

GRAMMAR

Perfect Tense

(Часи групи Perfect)

	Active have + Past Participle(-ed)	Passive have + been + Past Participle(-ed)
Present	Ihavejustwritten the letter. She hasalreadywritten the letter.	The letter has been written by a secretary. All the letters have been written.
Past	Wehad written the letter before you came to the office (by 6 o’clock yesterday).	The letter had been written before you came in (by 6 o’clock yesterday).
Future	Theywill have written the letter by6 o’clock tomorrow.	The letter will have been writtenby 6 o’clock tomorrow.

Present Perfect Tense

1.Дія відбулася до теперішнього моменту, час здійснення дії не вказаний.

I’ve met a lot of famous people (before now).

She has written twenty books (up to now).

Якщо вказаний час, коли була здійснена дія, вживається тільки Past Indefinite.

I lost my key the day before yesterday.

Jim went to Canada in 1999.

2. Дія відображає недавній досвід у чому-небудь (часто з прислівниками never, ever, lately, recently).

Have you ever been to China?

We have never had a car.

3. Дія закінчилась у недавньому минулому і має безпосередній результат у теперішньому часі (часто з прислівниками just, already, які зазвичай стоять після додаткового дієслова, та yet, що стоїть на кінці та вживається тільки у питальних та негативних реченнях).

I’ve lost my wallet. (I haven’t got it now)

Jim has gone to Canada. (= he is in Canada or on his way there)

Would you like something to eat? – No, thanks! I have just had lunch!

Don’t forget to post the letter, will you? – I have already posted it!

Has Ben come yet? – Бен вже прийшов?

They have not completed it yet. – Вони ще не закінчили це.

4. Дія почалася у минулому та триває у теперішньому (часто з обставинами часу since та for).

I’ve lived here for twenty years (since 1995; since I left school). – Я живу тут двадцять років.

Але: I lived there for twenty years. (I don’t live there now)

How long have you worked as a teacher? (you still work there)

5. З обставинами часу this year, today, this week, this term (якщо ці періоди часу не скінчились до моменту говоріння).

Ron hasn’t studied very much this term.

I haven’t seen Tom today. Have you?