Grammar

1.Study the following table.

Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)

We can report: statements, questions, commands, requests, suggestions.

Verb tenses and time expressions change in reported speech:

Change in tense	Direct Speech	Reported Speech
1. Present Simple ® Past Simple	‘I play the piano’	He said he played the piano.
2. Present Continuous ® Past Continuous	‘I am learning French.’	He said (that) he was learning French.
3. Present Perfect ® Past Perfect	‘I have already watered the flowers.’	He said (that) he had already wateredthe flowers.
4. Past Simple ® Past Perfect	‘I didn’t go out’	He said hehadn’t gone out.
5. Past Continuos ® Past Continuous / Past Perfect Continuous	‘I was writing a letter at 5 o’clock.’	He said (that) hewas writing /had been writing a letter at 5 o’clock.
6. Future (will) ® conditional (would)	‘I will do the shopping.’	He said (that) he would dothe shopping.
7. Present Perfect Continuous ® Past Perfect Continuous	‘I have been working all day.’	He said he had been working all day.
a) Past Perfect ® Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous ® Past Perfect Continuous	‘I hadn’t seen him before’.	She said she hadn’t seen him before..

No change in tense:

· The introductory verb (say, tell.....) is in the Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Future Perfect · There is no change in tense in reported speech when what is said is still true or is always true or a law of nature · The speaker is reporting something immediately after it was said (up to date) · There is no tense change when we report wishes or preferences.   · the reported sentence deals with type 2 or type 3 conditionals.

‘The city is crowded.’     ‘I live in Paris’.   ‘The Earth goes round the Sun’.   ‘There’s plenty of food in the fridge’     ‘ I wish he was / were with me now’.   ‘ I would prefer to go to Paris.’ ‘If I had the money, I would travel abroad ‘

Hesays the city is crowded. He is saying that the city iscrowded. He has often said that the cityis crowded.   He said he lives in Paris. He said the Earth goes round the Sun.   Mum said (that) thereis plenty of food in the fridge.   She said she wished he was /were with her now. He said he would prefer to go to Paris. Kelly said (that) if shehad the money, shewould travel abroad.

Modal Verbs

will ® would can ® could can ® could/ would be able(future reference) may ® might must ® must / had to (obligation) Mustdoes not change when it expresses a logical assumption. Would, could, might, should, ought, had better, used to, mustn’t do not change.

‘I will help you’.   ‘I can help you’.   ‘I can meet you at noon’.   ‘I may come later’.   ‘I must go to the bank’. ‘ You must be happy’, Susan said to Joe.   ‘You could watch a video’, he said. ‘You’d better go’. ‘You ought to exercise more’

He said he would help me. He said he could help me. He said (that) he could/would be able tomeet me at noon. He said hemight come later. He said he must/ had to go to the bank. Susan told Joe (that) hemust be happy.     He said that we couldwatch a video. He said I’d better go. My doctor told me I ought to exercise more.

Other changes:

· this / these ® that /those · here® there · now ® then, at the time, immediately · yesterday ® the day before, the previous day · today, tonight ® that day, that night

· two days ago ® two days before · last month ® the month before, the previous month · this week ® that week · tomorrow ® the next day, the following day · next month ® the month after, the following month

Reporting Verbs

Say, tell and ask are the most common verbs used in indirect speech.

Say can be used both in direct and reported speech. It is used with or without a personal object. When used with a personal object, it is always followed by the preposition to (said to me). In reported speech sayis not followed by an object pronoun, but it can be followed by that.

Tell can be used both in direct and reported speech. It is always followed by a personal object (told me).

Ask is used in reported questions and requests. It is also used in direct questions.

There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and asked. These include:

accuse, admitt, advise, agree, apologise, boast, complain, deny, explain, imply, invite, offer, order, promise, reply, suggest …

2.Complete the sentences in reported speech:

a) statements

1.He said, "I like this song." ® He said …

2."I don't speak Italian," she said. ® She said …

3."The film began at seven o'clock," he said. ® He said …

4."I never make mistakes," he said. ® He said …

5."I was very tired," she said. ® She said …

6."I cannot drive them home," he said. ® He said …

7. "She has gone on holiday." ® He said that …

8."I will open the window." ® He said that …

b) questions

1.Where are you going? ® He asked me...

2.How did you do that? ® They wanted to know...

3.Who will come to the cinema with us? ® They asked...

4.Why are you so sad? ® She asked me...

5.What is the matter? ® They wondered...

6.How could they be so impatient? ® I wondered...

7.Which compact disk are you taking with you? ® I asked him...

8.Are you enjoying yourself? ® He asked me...

c) requests

1."Say hello to Jim," they said. ® They asked me …

2.Teacher: "Do your homework." ® The teacher told me …

3."Don't play on the grass, boys," she said. ® She told the boys …

4.Andrew: "Clean the blue bike." ® Andrew told me …

5."Don't try this at home," the stuntman told the audience. ® The stuntman advised the audience …

6."Be careful, Ben," she said. ® She told Ben …

7.He said, "Don't go too far." ® He advised her …

8.Jessica: "Write a letter." ® Jessica told me …

3.Finish the sentences using reported speech.

1.“Don’t look at people like that!” - She told me …

2.“I have never used bad language before.” - He claimed …

3.”I won’t pay back all my debts in ten years”. - My father said …

4.”Read the instructions carefully before beginning the test.” - The teacher told the class …

5.”We decided to take longer holidays than last year.” - She said …

6.”I’m not going to let you ruin your life”. - My mum announced …

7.”Don’t drive over 50 mph on this road.” - The police officer ordered the careless driver …

8.”And I want to stay here for two months.” - She added …

9.”Could you give me a hand with the cleaning, please?” - My sister asked me …

10.”I was arguing with my boyfriend until 11 o’clock at night”. - Barbara admitted …

4.Change these sentences to reported speech by changing the verb form and adding reporting verbs such as tell or say.

1.My parents are fine. - Lily _____ that her parents _____ fine.

2.I'm going to learn how to pilot a plane. - She _____ me she _____ how to pilot a plane.

3.My friend Gary has found a new job in the music business. - Lily ____ Gary _____ a new job in the music business.

4.I am sorry but I can't go to your birthday party because I'm going away for the weekend. - She _____ me that she _____ sorry but she _____ to my birthday party because she _____ away for the weekend.
5.I will call you as soon as I come back from my trip. - She _____ to me that she _____ me as soon as she _____ back from her trip.

5.Finish the sentences using reported speech. Always change the tense and the time expressions.

1."I'm going to France next week." - He said that _____ to France _____ week.

2."They haven't spoken to their parents for six years." - She said that they _____ to their parents for six years.

3."Sue doesn't want to go out with me." - He said that Sue _____ to go out with _____.

4."You'll have to be here at 3 o'clock this afternoon." - She told me that I ______ at 3 o'clock _____.

5."I moved into my flat three years ago." - I said that I _____ into my flat three years _____.

6."If I hear anything I'll phone you." - He told me that if he _____ anything he _____.

7."You can move into the flat as soon as you want." - She told me that they _____ into the flat as soon as _____.

8."You must bring me the money tomorrow." - He told us that _____ the money _____.

9."I often go to the cinema." - She told us that she often _____ to the cinema.

10."I'm going to do it now if you'll let me." - She told him that she _____ if he _____.

6.Turn the following into reported speech.

1.“You must hand in your homework tomorrow morning”, our teacher said to us.

2.“I don’t want to go to school today”, Sammy said to his mother.

3.“I’ll buy some milk on my way home from work”, said John.

4.“Tommy hasn’t finished eating his dinner”, Lucy said to Roy.

5.“My mother can look after the children next week”, Sue said to Harry.

6.“Tony was practising the clarinet last night”, his father said.

7.“The last time I saw Jean was two months ago”, Diane said.

8.“Mr White comes to my cafe for a cup of coffee every morning”, Don said.

9.“Eric has just opened his new shop”, Ian said to Ben.

10.“You must pay the bills on Monday”, Clare said to Alan.

7.Complete the reported speech sentences using the verb given.

1.“Why don’t you sit down for a moment?” - She suggested...

2.“I could make you something to eat if you like”.- She offered

3.“I’m feeling hungry, actually”. - I admitted...

4.“I’m sorry that I was so late”. - I apologised...

5.“Now don’t forget you have to practise every day”. - She reminded me...

6.“Of course. I’ll practise every afternoon after school”. - I promised...

7.“And don’t leave your books at school again!” - She warned me...

8.“If I were you, I wouldn’t spend so much time playing computer games”. - She advised me...

9.“I will not eat this pizza”.- Ann refused...

10. “I’m sorry I ever took your advice”. - She regretted...

11.“I definitely didn’t leave the window open!” - He denied...

12.“Don’t do that again, or there’ll be trouble”. - The teacher warned...

13.“Don’t forget to switch off the lights before you leave”. - She reminded...

14.“You’ve stolen my pen! Give it back!” - Peter accused...

15.“Come to my birthday party on Saturday”. - He invited...

8.Match the direct speech sentences in column A with the appropriate introductory verbs in column B. Then turn the sentences into reported speech.

A

B

1. I’m sorry I didn’t follow the instructions. 2. You should see a doctor right away. 3. I’ll look after your plants while you’re away. 4. Stay away from the cliff. 5. Would you like to go on a picnic with us. 6. No, I won’t lend you my bicycle. 7. Let’s meet for lunch at the Bistro. 8. I’ll call the police if you don’t turn down the music. 9. Don’t forget to lock the kitchen door. 10. Could you tell us what’s on today’s menu?

threaten invite refuse ask apologise advise warn remind promise suggest

9.Read the questions asked by an immigration officer. Use the prompts to write the reporting questions.

1.‘Why are you visiting Los Angeles?’

2.‘How long are you planning to stay here?’

3.‘How much money have you got with you?’

4.‘Do you have any friends or family in the States?’

5.‘Can you show me your return ticket?’

When I arrived at immigration the officer first asked me (1)........

Then the officer wanted to know (2).........

The next thing they wanted to know (3)........

After that the officer asked (4).........

Finally, (5)............

10.Put the following into direct speech.

1.Sam said he had had a birthday party the day before.

2.He said he didn’t feel well that day.

3.Jane asked Sam if he had a headache.

4.Betsy asked Sam if he had taken his temperature.

5.The doctor asked not to smoke there.

6.Kate told Jane that Sam had fallen down while skateboarding the previous week, but he hadn’t hurt himself.

7.John asked Sam if the doctor had already given him some medicine.

8.Ann asked (wanted to know) if Sam was feeling better.

9.Kate asked Peter to pass that letter to Sam.

10.Peter said (that) he was busy then and he would do it the next day (promised to do it the next day).

Unit 13 BALANCED DIET Balanced diet Quick steps to a balanced diet Cooking horoscope GRAMMAr Conditional sentences