Ãëàâíàÿ Ñëó÷àéíàÿ ñòðàíèöà Êîíòàêòû | Ìû ïîìîæåì â íàïèñàíèè âàøåé ðàáîòû! | ||
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III ñåìåñòð
IV ñåìåñòð
ÁÈÁËÈÎÃÐÀÔÈß ÒÅÊÑÒÎÂ
1. Orton, Andrew. The Way We Build Now. Wokingham, 1988, ISBN 0-74760-011-2.
2. Hart, Franz. Multi-storey Building in Steel. London, 1978, ISBN 0-258-96974-1.
3. Francis, Arthur J. Structural Design of Tall Steel Buildings. New York, 1979,
ISBN 0-07-022701-5.
4. Advances in Tall Buildings. Ed. by Beedle, Lynn S. New York, 1986, ISBN 0-442-21599-1.
5. Ambrose, James. Building Structures. New York, 1988, ISBN 0-471-83094-1.
6. Ambrose, James. Simplified Design of Building Founations. New York.1988, ISBN 0-471-85898-6.
7. Civil Engineering 1997 – 10 # 1 p.50-53
8. Civil Engineer 1998 – 6 # 11 pp. 56-58.
9. Civil Engineer 2000 – 1 #5 p.50-53
10. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Longman Dictionaries, Harlow, 2005, ISBN 1-405-81126-9
11. Ìþëëåð Â.Ê. Íîâûé àíãëî-ðóññêèé ñëîâàðü. Ìîñêâà, Ðóññêèé ÿçûê, 2003, ISBN 5-200-03176-1.
12. Íîâûé áîëüøîé àíãëî-ðóññêèé ñëîâàðü ïîä îáùèì ðóêîâîäñòâîì Ý.Ì. Ìåäíèêîâîé è Þ.Ä. Àïðåñÿíà â 3-õ òîìàõ, Ìîñêâà, Ðóññêèé ÿçûê, 1993, ISBN 5-200-01848-X
13. Êîð÷åìêèí Ñ.Í., Êàøêèí Ñ.Ê., Êóðáàòîâ Ñ.Â. Àíãëî-ðóññêèé ñòðîèòåëüíûé ñëîâàðü. Ìîñêâà, Ðóññêèé ÿçûê, 1995, ISBN 5-200-02313-0
14. Ôîìåíêî Â.ß., Ëþáèìöåâ À.Í., Ëþáèìöåâà Ñ.Í. Ðóññêî-àíãëèéñêèé ðàçãîâîðíèê äëÿ ñòðîèòåëåé. Ìîñêâà, Ðóññêèé ÿçûê, 1990, ISBN 5-200-00758-5.
ÊÐÀÒÊÀß ÃÐÀÌÌÀÒÈÊÀ ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÎÃÎ ßÇÛÊÀ
ÓÂÀÆÀÅÌÛÅ ÏÐÅÏÎÄÀÂÀÒÅËÈ È ÑÒÓÄÅÍÒÛ!
Ïðåäëàãàåìûé êðàòêèé ãðàììàòè÷åñêèé êóðñ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ýëåìåíòîì êîìïëåêñà ó÷åáíûõ çàäàíèé ïî àíãëèéñêîìó ÿçûêó äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ ñòðîèòåëüíîãî èíñòèòóòà. Îäíàêî, â ñèëó óíèâåðñàëüíîñòè ìàòåðèàëà ó÷åáíîãî ïîñîáèÿ, îí ìîæåò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàí â ïðîãðàììå îáó÷åíèÿ ñòóäåíòîâ I-II êóðñîâ âñåõ èíñòèòóòîâ äíåâíîé ôîðìû îáó÷åíèÿ, I êóðñà âå÷åðíåé ôîðìû îáó÷åíèÿ, à òàêæå àñïèðàíòîâ.
Çàäà÷à êóðñà ñîñòîèò â îáó÷åíèè äâóì âçàèìîñâÿçàííûì íàâûêàì:
· ïåðåâîäó àíãëîÿçû÷íîé òåõíè÷åñêîé ëèòåðàòóðû,
· âåäåíèþ âîïðîñíî-îòâåòíîãî äèàëîãà â ðàìêàõ ïåðåâåä¸ííîãî òåêñòà.
Ïðåäëàãàåìûé êóðñ íå ïðåäíàçíà÷åí äëÿ îáó÷åíèÿ íàâûêàì ñâîáîäíîãî ãîâîðåíèÿ íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå.
Ïîäîáíàÿ óçêàÿ íàïðàâëåííîñòü ãðàììàòè÷åñêîãî êóðñà ïîçâîëÿåò ñêîíöåíòðèðîâàòü âíèìàíèå íà ãðàììàòè÷åñêèõ òðóäíîñòÿõ ïåðåâîäà, íå îòâëåêàÿñü íà ãðàììàòè÷åñêèå ïðîáëåìû ãîâîðåíèÿ. Äëÿ ó÷àùèõñÿ ñ íèçêèì áàçîâûì óðîâíåì âëàäåíèÿ èíîñòðàííûì ÿçûêîì ýòî ïîçâîëÿåò îáëåã÷èòü çàäà÷ó îâëàäåíèÿ íåîáõîäèìûìè íàâûêàìè. Âìåñòå ñ òåì, äëÿ ó÷àùèõñÿ ñ âûñîêèì áàçîâûì óðîâíåì âëàäåíèÿ ÿçûêîì ïîäîáíàÿ óçêàÿ íàïðàâëåííîñòü ãðàììàòè÷åñêîãî êóðñà òàêæå îêàçûâàåòñÿ ïîëåçíîé, òàê êàê ïîçâîëÿåò âûäåëèòü ðàçäåëû ãðàììàòèêè, çíàíèå êîòîðûõ çà÷àñòóþ íåäîñòàòî÷íî äàæå ó òåõ, êòî õîðîøî âëàäååò íàâûêàìè ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è.
À.Ñ. Ãëåáîâñêèé
1 ×àñòè ðå÷è è ÷ëåíû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ (Parts of speech and parts of sentence)
×ÀÑÒÈ ÐÅ×È Â ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÎÌ È ÐÓÑÑÊÎÌ ßÇÛÊÅ
Ñëîâàðíûé ñîñòàâ ÿçûêà êëàññèôèöèðóåòñÿ íà ðàçðÿäû, íàçûâàåìûå ÷àñòè ðå÷è. ×àñòè ðå÷è â àíãëèéñêîì è ðóññêîì ÿçûêå â îñíîâíîì ñîâïàäàþò.
Ñëîâà âûïîëíÿþò â ïðåäëîæåíèè ðàçëè÷íûå ôóíêöèè.  çàâèñèìîñòè îò ôóíêöèè, êîòîðóþ îíè âûïîëíÿþò, ñëîâà ìîãóò áûòü ðàçëè÷íûìè ÷ëåíàìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. ×ëåíû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â àíãëèéñêîì è ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñîâïàäàþò.
×ËÅÍÛ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈß Â ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÎÌ È ÐÓÑÑÊÎÌ ßÇÛÊÅ
Ñì. òàêæå ðàçäåëû 9.1-9.2
2 Èìÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå (Noun)
2.1 Îáðàçîâàíèå ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ (Plural of noun)
Ôîðìà ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî îáðàçóåòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ îêîí÷àíèÿ es/s:
alloy - alloy s
hour - hour s
bus-buse s.
a) Ðÿä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ èìååò íåñòàíäàðòíûå ôîðìû ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà:
man – men
tooth – teeth
child - children
b) Ïðàâîïèñàíèå íåêîòîðûõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå èçìåíÿåòñÿ:
count ry – count ries
shel f – shel ves
c) Ïðîèçíîøåíèå îêîí÷àíèÿ ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà es/s çàâèñèò îò ïîñëåäíåãî çâóêà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî â ôîðìå åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà:
· ïîñëå ãëóõèõ ñîãëàñíûõ çâóêîâ îêîí÷àíèå ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ – [s], íàïðèìåð: brick [brIk] – bricks [brIks]
· ïîñëå çâîíêèõ ñîãëàñíûõ è ãëàñíûõ çâóêîâ îêîí÷àíèå ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ – [z], íàïðèìåð: slab [slxb] – slabs [slxbz]; year [jIq] – years [jIqz]
· ïîñëå çâóêîâ [s], [z], [C], [G] îêîí÷àíèå ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ – [Iz], íàïðèìåð: size [saIz] – sizes [saIzIz]
2.2 Ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûé ïàäåæ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ (Genitive case)
Èìÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå èìååò òîëüêî îäèí êîñâåííûé ïàäåæ – ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûé:
engineer ’s plan – ïëàí èíæåíåð à
engineer s ’ plan – ïëàí èíæåíåð îâ
Êàê ïðàâèëî, ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûé ïàäåæ èìåþò òîëüêî îäóøåâë¸ííûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå.
2.3 Ãðóïïà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ (Noun group)
Ãðóïïîé ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ íàçûâàþòñÿ äâà è áîëåå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ, ñëåäóþùèõ îäèí çà äðóãèì áåç àðòèêëåé èëè ìåñòîèìåíèé âíóòðè ãðóïïû. Ïîñëåäíåå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ÿâëÿåòñÿ îïîðíûì, è ïåðåâîä âñåé ãðóïïû ðåêîìåíäóåòñÿ íà÷èíàòü ñ íåãî. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, ñòîÿùèå ïåðåä îïîðíûì, ÿâëÿþòñÿ åãî îïðåäåëåíèåì.
Óêàçàííûå îïðåäåëåíèÿ ìîãóò ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê:
a) ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì:
concrete beam - áåòîííàÿ áàëêà
b) ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â ðîäèòåëüíîì ïàäåæå:
stress analysis - ðàñ÷¸ò íàïðÿæåíèé
c) ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì ñ ïðåäëîãîì:
cinder aggregate - çàïîëíèòåëü èç òîïëèâíûõ øëàêîâ
d) ñî÷åòàíèåì ïåðå÷èñëåííûõ ñïîñîáîâ:
concrete pile foundation analysis - àíàëèç ôóíäàìåíòà èç áåòîííûõ ñâàé
Ìíîãèå ãðóïïû ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ ÿâëÿþòñÿ óñòîé÷èâûìè ñî÷åòàíèÿìè è âêëþ÷àþòñÿ â ñïåöèàëüíûå òåðìèíîëîãè÷åñêèå ñëîâàðè.
3 Ñòåïåíè ñðàâíåíèÿ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ è íàðå÷èé
(Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs)
3.1 Îáðàçîâàíèå ñòåïåíåé ñðàâíåíèÿ (Formation of degrees of comparison)
Èìåíà ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå è íàðå÷èÿ èìåþò ïîëîæèòåëüíóþ, ñðàâíèòåëüíóþ è ïðåâîñõîäíóþ ñòåïåíè. Èìååòñÿ äâà ñïîñîáà îáðàçîâàíèÿ ñðàâíèòåëüíîé è ïðåâîñõîäíîé ñòåïåíè. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïåðâîãî èëè âòîðîãî ñïîñîáà ñòðîãî çàâèñèò îò ÷èñëà ñëîãîâ â ïðèëàãàòåëüíîì èëè íàðå÷èè.
* Ñþäà îòíîñÿòñÿ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå ñ óäàðåíèåì íà ïåðâîì ñëîãå è îêîí÷àíèåì íà ñîãëàñíóþ + y, è íåêîòîðûå äðóãèå äâóñëîæíûå ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå, íàïðèìåð: narrow, shallow, simple, clever, quiet.
** Àðòèêëü the â ïðåâîñõîäíîé ñòåïåíè ñòàâèòñÿ òîëüêî ïåðåä ïðèëàãàòåëüíûìè.
Ðÿä ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ è íàðå÷èé èìååò íåñòàíäàðòíûå ôîðìû îáðàçîâàíèÿ ñòåïåíåé ñðàâíåíèÿ:
3.2 Ñðàâíèòåëüíûå îáîðîòû (Comparative structures)
Ïðè ñðàâíåíèè äâóõ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ èëè íàðå÷èé ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ:
1. ñîþç than (÷åì), íàïðèìåð:
2. à òàêæå êîíñòðóêöèè:
2 a. as … as … (òàêîé æå …êàê …, òàê æå … êàê …), íàïðèìåð:
2 b. not as … as … (íå òàêîé … êàê …, íå òàê … êàê …), íàïðèìåð:
2 c. twice/three times as … as … ( â äâà/òðè ðàçà … ÷åì … ) è ò.ï., íàïðèìåð:
2 d. the … the … (÷åì … òåì …), íàïðèìåð:
4 ×èñëèòåëüíûå (Numerals)
4.1 Êîëè÷åñòâåííûå ÷èñëèòåëüíûå (Cardinals)
101 - one hundred (and) one
121 - one hundred (and) twenty-one
1001 - one thousand (and) one
1121 - one thousand one hundred (and) twenty-one
121212 - one hundred twenty-one thousand two hundred (and) twelve
4.2 Ïîðÿäêîâûå ÷èñëèòåëüíûå (Ordinals)
4.3 Äàòû (Dates)
1800 – eighteen hundred
1997 – nineteen ninety-seven
2005 – twenty-oh [qV]-five
24th March 1998 – the twenty-fourth of March, nineteen ninety-eight
March 24th 1998 - March the twenty-fourth nineteen ninety-eight
4.4 Íîìåðà òåëåôîíîâ, ñòðàíèö, êîìíàò è ò.ä. (Phone, page, room numbers)
a) íîìåð òåëåôîíà: 575-05-21 – five seven five oh five two one
b) íîìåð ñòðàíèöû: 248 – two four eight
c) íîìåð êîìíàòû: 416 – four one six
4.5 Äðîáíûå ÷èñëà (Fractions)
½ – (a/one) half
⅓– (a/one) third
¼ – (a/one) quarter/one fourth
⅔ – two thirds
⅜– three eighths
íàïðèìåð: ½ + ⅓ - ¼ = 7/12
a half plus a third minus a quarter equals seven twelfths
íî I have half a kilo of tea and a quarter of a kilo of coffee.
Ó ìåíÿ ïîëêèëî ÷àÿ è ÷åòâåðòü êèëîãðàììà êîôå.
0.5 – point five
5.127 – five point one two seven
5 Ìåñòîèìåíèå (Pronoun)
Ìåñòîèìåíèÿ óêàçûâàþò íà ïðåäìåòû èëè èõ êà÷åñòâà, íå íàçûâàÿ èõ. Ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ìîãóò áûòü ëè÷íûìè, âîïðîñèòåëüíûìè, óêàçàòåëüíûìè, ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûìè è äð.
5.1 Ëè÷íûå, ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûå è âîçâðàòíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ
(Personal, possessive & reflexive pronouns)
*  ýòîé ôîðìå ëè÷íûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ èñïîëüçóþòñÿ, êîãäà íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïîäëåæàùèì ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ò.å. îíà âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ âñå ïàäåæè ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà êðîìå èìåíèòåëüíîãî.
** Ïåðâàÿ ôîðìà îòíîñèòñÿ ê îäíîìó ÷åëîâåêó, à âòîðàÿ – ê ãðóïïå ëþäåé.
5.2 Íåîïðåäåë¸ííûå è îòðèöàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ
(Indefinite & negative pronouns)
5.2.1 Íåîïðåäåë¸ííûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ SOME, ANY
Ìåñòîèìåíèÿ some, any óêàçûâàþò íà íåîïðåäåëåííîãî ÷åëîâåêà/ëþäåé èëè ïðåäìåò/ïðåäìåòû.
Ìåñòîèìåíèå some îáû÷íî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â óòâåðäèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ è ïåðåâîäèòñÿ êàê íåñêîëüêî, íåêîòîðûå, êàêîé-òî, íåìíîãî (â ýòîì çíà÷åíèè ïåðåâîä ôàêóëüòàòèâåí):
Ìåñòîèìåíèå any èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â óòâåðäèòåëüíûõ, îòðèöàòåëüíûõ è âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ. Â çàâèñèìîñòè îò òèïà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îíî ïåðåâîäèòñÿ êàê ëþáîé, âñÿêèé, êàêîé-ëèáî, íèêàêîé èëè íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ:
5.2.2 Îòðèöàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå NO
Ìåñòîèìåíèå no èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ è ïåðåâîäèòñÿ êàê íå/íåò … íèêàêîé, íåò, íè îäèí … íå:
5.2.3 Ïðîèçâîäíûå îò ìåñòîèìåíèé SOME, ANY, NO, EVERY
Ìåñòîèìåíèÿ some, any, no, à òàêæå îïðåäåëèòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå every (êàæäûé, âñÿêèé) îáðàçóþò ñî ñëîâàìè thing, one, body, where ñëîæíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ.
6 Ãëàãîë (Verb)
Ãëàãîë îáîçíà÷àåò äåéñòâèå èëè ñîñòîÿíèå. Ôîðìû ãëàãîëà äåëÿòñÿ íà ëè÷íûå è íåëè÷íûå (èíôèíèòèâ, ïðè÷àñòèå, ãåðóíäèé). Îñíîâíûå ôîðìû ãëàãîëà ñëåäóþùèå:
· èíôèíèòèâ (Infinitive)
· ïðîñòîå ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ (Past Simple)
· ïðè÷àñòèå ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè (Past Participle/Participle II)
Íàïðèìåð: to speak – spoke - spoken
 çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñïîñîáà îáðàçîâàíèÿ ôîðì Past Simple è Past Participle ãëàãîëû äåëÿòñÿ íà òðè ãðóïïû:
· ïðàâèëüíûå ãëàãîëû
· íåïðàâèëüíûå ãëàãîëû
· ãëàãîëû ñìåøàííîãî òèïà
Ðÿä ãëàãîëîâ èìååò ñïåöèôè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè, êîòîðûå âûäåëÿþò èõ èç ÷èñëà îñíîâíîé ìàññû ãëàãîëîâ. Ñþäà îòíîñÿòñÿ:
· ãëàãîë to be (ñì. ðàçäåë 6.2.1.2)
· ãëàãîë to have (ñì. ðàçäåë 6.2.1.4)
· ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû (ñì. ðàçäåë 6.3)
6.1 Òèïû ãëàãîëîâ
6.1.1 Ïðàâèëüíûå ãëàãîëû
Ôîðìû Past Simple è Past Participle ýòèõ ãëàãîëîâ îáðàçóþòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ îêîí÷àíèÿ ed/d. Íàïðèìåð: add – add ed, step – stepp ed, produce – produc ed.
a) Ïðîèçíîøåíèå îêîí÷àíèÿ çàâèñèò îò ïðåäøåñòâóþùåãî åìó çâóêà:
· ïîñëå ãëóõèõ ñîãëàñíûõ çâóêîâ îêîí÷àíèå ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ – [t], íàïðèìåð: place [pleIs] – placed [pleIst]
· ïîñëå çâîíêèõ ñîãëàñíûõ è ãëàñíûõ çâóêîâ îêîí÷àíèå ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ – [d], íàïðèìåð: design [dI'zaIn] – designed [dI'zaInd]; transfer [trxns'fW] – transferred [trxns'fWd]
· ïîñëå çâóêîâ [t], [d],îêîí÷àíèå ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ – [Id], íàïðèìåð: act [xkt] – act ['xktId]; grade [greId] - graded ['greIdId]
b) Ïðàâîïèñàíèå íåêîòîðûõ ãëàãîëîâ ïðè äîáàâëåíèè îêîí÷àíèÿ èçìåíÿåòñÿ:
carry – carried
dry - dried
íî: play – played;
stop – stopped
plan – planned
occur – occurred
control - controlled
íî: appear - appeared
6.1.2 Íåïðàâèëüíûå ãëàãîëû
Ôîðìû Past Simple è Past Participle ýòèõ ãëàãîëîâ îáðàçóþòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ èçìåíåíèÿ êîðíÿ ñëîâà, íàïðèìåð:
bear – bore - borne
lose – lost - lost
see – saw – seen
Ñïèñîê íåïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ äàí â ðàçäåëå 10.3.
6.1.3 Ãëàãîëû ñìåøàííîãî òèïà
Ôîðìà Past Simple ýòèõ ãëàãîëîâ îáðàçóþòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ îêîí÷àíèÿ ed/d, à ôîðìà Past Participle - ñ ïîìîùüþ èçìåíåíèÿ êîðíÿ ñëîâà, íàïðèìåð:
show – showed - shown
6.2 Ëè÷íûå ôîðìû ãëàãîëà
Ãëàãîë â ëè÷íîé ôîðìå õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ:
· ÷èñëîì (åäèíñòâåííûì, ìíîæåñòâåííûì), íàïðèìåð:
Îí ÷èòà åò. Ìû ÷èòà åì.
· ëèöîì (1-å ëèöî, 2-å ëèöî, 3-å ëèöî), íàïðèìåð:
ß ÷èòà þ. Òû ÷èòà åøü. Îí ÷èòà åò.
· íàêëîíåíèåì (èçúÿâèòåëüíûì, ïîâåëèòåëüíûì è ñîñëàãàòåëüíûì), íàïðèìåð:
Îí ÷èòà åò. ×èòà é! Åñëè áû îí ÷èòà ë.
· çàëîãîì (äåéñòâèòåëüíûì (Active Voice) è ñòðàäàòåëüíûì (Passive Voice))
Îí ÷èòàåò. Ïèñüìî ÷èòàþò.
· âðåìåíåì
6.2.1 Îñîáåííîñòè îáðàçîâàíèÿ ôîðì Present Simple è Past Simple
 îòðèöàòåëüíîé è âîïðîñèòåëüíîé ôîðìàõ Present Simple è Past Simple èñïîëüçóåòñÿ âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë to do. Ôîðìà ãëàãîëà to do çàâèñèò îò ëèöà è âðåìåíè îñíîâíîãî ãëàãîëà, ñ êîòîðûì îí èñïîëüçîâàí, íàïðèìåð:
 îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ÷àñòî èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ñòÿæ¸ííûå ôîðìû âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà è îòðèöàòåëüíîé ÷àñòèöû: don’t, doesn’t, didn’t.
6.2.2 ÂÐÅÌÅÍÀ ÃËÀÃÎËÀ Â ÄÅÉÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÎÌ ÇÀËÎÃÅ (ACTIVE VOICE)
Äàòà ïóáëèêîâàíèÿ: 2014-10-25; Ïðî÷èòàíî: 4806 | Íàðóøåíèå àâòîðñêîãî ïðàâà ñòðàíèöû | Ìû ïîìîæåì â íàïèñàíèè âàøåé ðàáîòû!