Jrandpa__________________________________

jrandchildren______________________________

liece_____________________________________

lephew___________________________________

:ousin____________________________________

о bring up children__________________________

о look after children________________________

>aby-sitter________________________________

naid_____________________________________

louse keeping______________________________

amily planning_____________________________

о behave properly________________ __________

о keep the family peace_____________________

о have an understanding with smb_____________

о get on well with each other_________________

о take them as they are_____________________

lot to see eye to eye________________________

о fall out with smb__________________________

i generation gap____________________________

о break up/ to split up_______________________

о quarrel_________________________________

о make it up_______________________________

о have a reunion___________________________

о get together _____________________________

о earn one's living_________________ _________

о provide security for the family_______________

о make life versatile________________________

о have various hobbies____.______________

volved with bringing up children, often because the mother goes out to work. Increased leisure facilities and more money mean that there are greater opportunities for the individual to take part in activities outside the home. Although the family holiday is still an important part of family life, many children have holidays away from their par­ents, often with a school party or other organized group.

I. Family life in Britain ____________________________

A 'typical' British family used to consist of mother, father and twQi children, but in recent years there have been many changes Щ family life. Some of these have been caused by new laws and otheri are the result of changes in the society. For example, since the lave made it easier to get a divorce, the number of divorces has to-creased. In fact one marriage in every three now ends in divorce This means that there are a lot of one-parent families. Society Щ now more tolerant than it used to be of unmarried people, unmar­ried couples and single parents. As a result of these changes in the pattern of people's lives, there are many households which consist of only one person or one adult and children.

You might think that marriage and the family are not so popular Щ they once were. However, the majority of divorced people marrf again, and they sometimes take responsibility for a second family.

Members of a family — grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins -* keep in touch, but they see less of each other than they used tol This is because people often move away from their home town t<| work, and so the family becomes scattered. Christmas is the tradii tional season for reunions. Although the family group is smaller nowadays than it used to be, relatives often travel many miles ill order to spend the holiday together.

In general, each generation is keen to become independent of par­ents in establishing its own family unit, and this fact can lead t<J social as well as geographical differences within the larger family group.

Relationships within the family are different now. Parents treat their children more as equals than they used to, and children have more freedom to make their own decisions. The father is more in-

Exercises

a. Read the text and write out the sentences in which the verbs are used in the Passive Voice. Read the following table:

the group of tenses	the Active Voice	the Passive Voice
The Indefinite Tenses The Continuous Tenses The Perfect Tenses	We discuss various problems at our lessons. We discussed two problems yesterday. We have discussed a few problems today.	Various problems are discussed at our lessons. Two problems were discussed yesterday. A few problems have been discussed today.

=1 Grammar Notes

1 The Passive Voice is formed with the help of the verb to be in the appropriate tense and the Past Participle of the basic verb.

2 The Passive Voice is used when it is not known or when it is not important who performed the action.

b. Change the following sentences using the verbs in the Passive Voice:

1 They established their own family unit.

2 Parents often treat children as grown-ups.

3 We have made a very important decision.

4 The teacher involved all the group in the discussion.

5 That means greater opportunities for all.

5 Английский для гуманитариев

to end... divorce to marry... smb to take responsibility... smb

c. Translate into English paying attention to the tense and voice forms of the verbs:

1 Они поженились в прошлом году.

2 Мой друг разошелся с женой два года назад. Их развели в тече­ние часа.

3 Этот путеводитель издан в Афинах.

4 На конференции обсуждались традиции различных культур.

5 Эти сведения были получены только вчера.

6 Его выступление планировалось на последнем заседании.

7 За последнее время в культурной жизни страны произошли большие изменения.

d. Write down the words which are pronounced in the following way:

['tipikl] _ [,n'ju:nj9n]___________________

ftolarent] _ [mai'norati] ____________

[di'vo:s] _ [0ru:'aut] ____________

[клр1] [wi'Gm]

e. Read the following questions for your group-mate to answer. Write down the answers.

1 'How 'big was a 'typical 'British ___________________

'family in the» past? ___________________

2 'How 'big is it / now?-------------------------------------------

3 'Are di'vorces 'legal in / Britain? ___________________

4 'Is so'ciety in'tolerant of un'married

у people,| un'married 'couples and ___________________

'single/ parents? ___________________

5 Is there a tra'dition of 'members of a
'family to 'keep in 'touch throughout

the / life? ___________________

6 'How are 'children 'treated in 'most

'families in» Britain? ___________________

f. Translate into Russian paying attention to the construction used to do smth

which means to do smth often in the past

1 They used to meet on Christmas.

2 They used to exchange letters.

3 We used to go to the country for holidays.

4 A typical family used to consist of four persons.

5 The family group is now smaller than it used to be.

6 Society is now more tolerant than it used to be of bachelors.

7 They see less of each other than they used to.

g. Insert the correct prepositions wherever necessary and make short sentences
with the following expressions and phrases:

to consist... a few people to be tolerant... criticism to divorce... smb to move away... a home town

work

h. Match the synonyms from these two groups:

reunion	relative
relationships	meeting
scattered	tolerant
keen	to occupy
to involve	to increase
relation	relations
patient	disunited
adult	eager
to establish	to found
to go up	grown-up

Make a few short sentences with some of the above words: e.g. Parents are often very patient.

i. Make the following adjectives negative with the help of the prefixes un-, im-, in-, ir-

patient____________________ tolerant__________________

married___________________ popular_________________

responsible________________ dependent

different__________________ val id____

Make a few short sentences with these words.

e.g. They were indifferent to their own children.

j. Write out the antonyms of the following words from the text:
old__________________________ very few_____

bigger____________________ more difficult

separately_________________ inside______

to begin___________________ minority____

united___________________ decreased_________________

Make a few short sentences with some of the words, e.g. They try to spend their holidays together.

k. Sum up what the text said about:

i the size of families in Britain

i family reunions

i the relations between parents and children

i the role of fathers in families

I. Say if you agree or disagree and substantiate your point of view:

1 Fathers play similar roles in families in Russia.

2 In every country most women prefer taking proper care of their chil dren to working.

3 Every family is very happy during the first years of their union.

m. Read the following questions for your group-mate to answer. Write down the answers.

1 'Are tra'ditional 'white 'weddings _______________

/ popular in many countries? ------------------------

2 'What ^preparations are 'usually _______________

'made for 'wedding * parties? -----------------------

3 'What 'wedding 'party do you _________________

con'sider I» deal? ------------------------

n. Explain the difference between the following words and translate them into Russian:

bride — bridegroom____________________________

engagement ring — wedding ring__________________

to go honeymooning — honey-moon ______________

2. The Brueghels

Little is known of Brueghel. It is not known where exactly he was born, but it was between 1525 and 1530. By 1551 he was a master of the Painters' Guild at Antwerp. He visited Italy and on his return painted some impressive landscapes. He satirized sin and drunken­ness in The Fall of the Rebel Angels (1562) and Peasant Dance (1566), and produced two masterpieces on biblical themes. Proces­sion to Calvary and Massacre of the Innocents (1566). A religious subject is embedded in the 16th-century detail in many of his works. The Uvely peasant scenes and crowded landscapes of Pieter Brueghel's canvases opened up a new door for the Flemmish school of painters. For a time after his death in Brussels in 1569, Brueghel's work seems to have been neglected, yet his observation of everyday life and his rapid, fluent style of brushwork were taken by the Flemmish painters who followed him. Among them were his sons, Pieter the Younger (1564—1638), and Jan (1568—1625), known as Velvet Brueghel for his silky landscapes and detailed still-life paintings.

Peasant wedding in northwestern Belgium, was painted by Pieter Brueghel the Elder in the sixteenth century.

There is satire and social comment in his composition. Satire in the silly grin on the bride's face and social comment in the hungry looks of the musicians. Brueghel is best known for his genre paintings, especially of peasant scenes, in which he combined minute observation of the Flemish tradition with the some­what fantastical manner of Hieronymus Bosch.

Exercises

a. Do you remember:

1 When and where was Pieter Brueghel born?

2 How was the picture illustrated here named by the painter?

3 To what did you pay attention when you looked at it?

b. Work in pairs

1 Imagine your group-mate does not know much about Pieter Brueghel and has never seen the picture Peasant Wedding Let him/her ask you a few questions and share your knowledge.

2 Act out a similar talk with your group-mate imagining you don't know much about Hieronymus Bosch.

Hieronymus Bosch is an early Dutch painter who lived from 1450 to 1516. His fantastic visions of weird and hellish creatures, as seen in The Garden of Earthly Delights show astonishing imagination and a complex imagery, creating cruel caricatures of human sinful­ness. This picture is exhibited in the Prado, Madrid.

с Write out the sentence speaking about the influence of the Dutch painter on Pieter Brueghel and all the words associated with painting from these two texts.

d. Say if you agree or disagree and give a few examples:

■ Many painters are influenced by their predecessors or contemporaries.

■ There are many painters who are excellent in genre painting, i Paintings help to learn traditions and styles of life.

e. Translate into English paying attention to the use of tenses and voices:

1 Картины Питера Брейгеля, изображающие крестьянский быт, дали начало жанровой живописи.

2 На картине изображена сельская свадьба в XVI в. в Голландии (Нидерландах).

3 — Но невесты, по-моему, не видно.

— Нет, невеста изображена, она в центре, на почетном месте.

4 — Я не знаю, где можно увидеть эту картину.

— Ее можно увидеть в Художественном музее Вены.

5 Очень хорошо, что такой материал включен в учебник.

6 В своих картинах Босх изображает в карикатурном виде люд­ские пороки.

7 Два сына Питера Брейгеля стали художниками.

f. Complete the following sentences about Brueghel's painting illustrated here:

1 In the forefront we see________________________________

2 In the centre__ is/are painted___________________________

3 In the background the painter___________________________

g. Repeat what the text says about Brueghel's children and read

the following questions for your group-mate to answer. Write down the answers.

1 'Is it an exceptional / case| that a 'painter's

'children 'follow his 'father's J suit?

2 'Which of those 'three 'painters is the ____________________

'most * popular?

3 'Why do you 'think the 'children 'chose __________________

to be'come ♦ painters?

4 'Is the ex'ample of 'parents 'very

im'portant for J children?

3. A generation gap

A few people are interviewed on generation gap, a serious problem in Britain: