Criminal and civil procedure

1. the plaintiff 2. prove the guilt of a criminal "beyond reasonable doubt" 3. pursues his claim for compensation 4. will not automatically be found liable in a civil action about the same matter 5. the standards of proof are higher 6. have to pay the legal costs of the prosecution 7. make a rather clear distinction 8. the party bringing a criminal action 9. the procedures for forcing him to comply 10. prove his case "on the balance of probabilities."

Most countries (делают четкое различие) between civil and criminal procedures. For example, an English criminal court may force a defendant to pay a fine as punishment for his crime, and he may sometimes (вынужден оплачивать судебные издержки уголовно-судебного преследования). But the victim of the crime (подает иск о возмещении ущерба) in a civil, not a criminal, action. (Критерии доказанности выше) in a criminal action than in a civil one since the loser risks not only financial penalties but also being sent to prison or, in some countries, executed. In English law the prosecution must (доказать виновность преступника «вне всякого разумного сомнения»); but the plaintiff in a civil action is required to (доказать свое дело на «соотношении вероятностей»).

Criminal and civil procedures are different. In Anglo-American law, (сторона возбуждающая уголовное дело) [the state] is called the prosecution, but the party bringing a civil action is (истец). In both kinds of action the other party is known as the defendant. A criminal case against a person called Ms. Sanchez would be described as "The People vs. (= versus, or against) Sanchez" in the United States and "R. (Regina, that is, the Queen) vs. Sanchez" in England. But a civil action between Ms. Sanchez and a Mr. Smith would be "Sanchez vs. Smith".

Nevertheless there are many point of contact between criminal and civil law. In most countries if the loser of a civil case refuses to comply with the order made against him—for example, to pay money to the winner of the action—(процедуры, принуждающие его выполнить предписание суда) may result in a criminal prosecution. Disobeying any court may constitute criminal conduct, and the disobedient loser of a civil action may find he or she not only has to pay the damages originally ordered by the court, but a criminal penalty as well.

Although the guilty defendant in a criminal case (не будет автоматически нести гражданскую ответственность по тому же делу), but his chances of avoiding civil liability are not good. This is because the standard of proof in the civil case is lower than it is in the criminal case. The plaintiff will therefore make sure any information about a relevant criminal case is passed to the civil court.

Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста.

1. A criminal case is brought by ____________.
2. The person is charged with the criminal offence is _____________.
3. The party bringing a civil action is _____________.
4. A successful criminal prosecution will result in ____________.
5. If the plaintiff is successful the defendant will be found __________.
6. The plaintiff is required to prove his case ____________.
7. The prosecution must prove the guilt of the defendant _______________.

Выпишите из текста в таблицу термины, которые описывают уголовный и гражданский процессы в англо-американской системе права (некоторые из них употребляются в обоих процессах). Переведите их на русский язык.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE	CIVIL PROCEDURE