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a) It is estimated that by 2015 two billion people will start learning English around the world, and three billion people – half the planet – will be speaking it. However David Graddoll says that English will not become the Esperanto and dominate global language learning as Arabic, Chinese and Spanish are set to rise in importance. He says the trend is towards “linguistic globalization” and multi-lingualism, not bilingualism, and definitely not monolingualism. French, on the other hand, once considered a Lingua Franca, will see its status as a world language continue to slide.

Although English will escalate in popularity, English language teachers will likely be out of a job by 2050, when so many people will be able to speak English that teaching will drop by a whopping 75% from two billion to 500 million. Instead English will be taught worldwide at elementary level, and many universities across the world will choose to teach English. This suggests a wake-up call for traditionally lazy and monolingual Britons, who tend to shun language learning because of their “everyone speaks English” mentally. Brits will be left behind in a future poly-lingual world.

b) When a language becomes a world language, what happens to it? There are no precedents, because no language has ever been spoken by so many people in so many countries before. Two questions need to be briefly addressed. Will English fragment into mutually unintelligible languages, as it spreads around the world? Will English kill off other languages?

The answer to the first question is: probably no – at least, not in the foreseeable future. We have to recognize that there are now many new varieties of spoken English developing around the world, in such countries as India, Singapore, and Ghana. They have been called ‘New English’ – and it because they are so many and so widespread that I have given my talk the title it has. Why have they arisen? - Because of the need to express national identity. Put yourselves in the place of one of the newly independent nations of the 1950s and 1960s. With newfound independence comes an urge to manifest your identity in the eyes of the world. And the most convenient way of manifesting this identity is through the medium of the language you use. Many of the new countries, such as Ghana and Nigeria, found that they had no alternative but to continue using English – the alternative was to make an impossible choice between the many competing local ethnic languages – over 400 in the case of Nigeria. However, we can also appreciate their view that to continue with English would be, in the eyes of many, an unacceptable link with the colonial past. How could this dilemma be resolved? The answer was to continue with English, but to shape it to meet their own ends – adding local vocabulary.

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