Text 6. THE ENGINE

The word engine originally meant any ingenious device, and came from the Greek word ingenious, clever. Any kind of vehicle must be able to move. The ability to move demands power. A machine that produces mechanical power or energy is called an engine or a power plant.

Engines present one of the most interesting groups of problems considered in the engineering field. One of the main problems is receiving the maximum possible power or thrust for minimum weight. The weight is included in the factor called the weight/power ratio, which may be defined as the weight in pounds per horse power output.

Another important problem is that of fuel. Both in the past and today the designers work at the problem of getting lower specific fuel consumption. Specific fuel consumption is obtained by dividing the weight of the fuel burned per hour by the horse power developed.

Another possible problem considered in any engine is its flexibility. Flexibility is the ability of the engine to run smoothly and perform properly at all speeds and through all variations of atmospheric conditions.

One more important problem worked at by the designers is the engine reliability. The engine is to have a long life, with maximum of time between overhaul periods. In some cases the problem of balance is one of the main. Balance has several possible meanings but the principle factor is freedom from vibration. Besides any engine must be started easily and carry its full load in a few minutes. There are gasoline engines, diesel engines, gas turbines, steam engines, jet engines and rocket engines. Each of them has certain advantages and disadvantages over other forms of power plants.

What did the word engine originally mean?

What machine is called an engine or a power plant?

What is one of the main problems engines present?

What is the weight/power ratio?

What is flexibility of the engine?

Do the designers work at the engine reliability?

What engines do you know?

4. Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с содержанием тек­ста и переведите предложения.

A machine that __________ mechanical power or energy is called an engine or a plant.

One of the main problems is____________ the maximum possible power or _____________for minimum weight.

The weight is included in the factor called the weight/power__________,

which may be _____________as the weight in pounds per horse_________

output.

Flexibility is the____________ of the engine to run____________ and perform properly at all speeds and through all of atmospheric conditions.

The engine is to have a_____________ life, with maximum of time between ____________ periods.

There are___________ engines,___________ engines,___________ turbines, engines, engines and engines. Each of them

has certain __________ and __________over other forms of ________ plants.

СЛОВАРЬ К УРОКУ 6

Слова, словосочетания и специальные термины

abi lity — способность

able (to be able) - быть в состоянии

advance - продвижение вперед, успех; аванс

advantage - преимущество

balance - балансировка, баланс; балансировать, регулировать

cull - звать, называть, звонить; вызов (телефонный)

co nsider - обсуждать, полагать, рассматривать

considerable — значительный

consume — потреблять

consumer — потребитель

consumption — потребление, расходование

define — определять

demand — требовать, требование; спрос

designer — конструктор, дизайнер

device — устройство

disability — неспособность

disabled - инвалид

disadvantage - недостаток

engine — двигатель, мотор

engineer — инженер

engineering - машиностроение, инженерное дело, разработка

flех — сгибать, гнуть, сгибаться

flexibility — гибкость; перенастраиваемость (о производстве и т flexible - гибкий; перенастраиваемый (о производстве)

form - форма; формировать, придавать форму

fuel — топливо

fuel consumption — потребление топлива

ingenious - хитроумный

ingenious device — хитроумное устройство

load — груз, заряд; нагружать

must be able to move - должен быть в состоянии двигать

obtain — достигать, получать

ob tainable - достижимый

output — выход, выходная мощность, результат на выходе

overhaul — переборка двигателя

power - мощность, власть, сила

power output — выходная мощность

power plant — силовой агрегат (двигатель)

present — настоящий, существующий; подарок; представлять

problem worked at - проблема, над которой работают

properly - должным образом

ratio — соотношение

run smoothly and properly — работать ровно и надежно (о двигателе) run (ran, run) — работать (о двигателе); бежать

smoothly — устойчиво, ровно, гладко

specific — удельный; специфический, определенный

start — начало, новшество; начинать; старт

supercharging - супернаддув

three-way catalyst — 3-канальный (3-уровневый) катализатор

thrust — сила тяги, тяга

turbocharging — турбонаддув

valve timing – переменная cинхронизация работы клапанов

Lesson 7. THE DIESEL ENGINE

1. Подберите правильный перевод

distinguish ignition space

invent pressure investigate

bear liquid clatter

feed apply accustom

ignite purpose reduce

пространство различать зажигание

исследовать изобретать давление

стучать нести жидкость

привыкать подавать применять

сокращать зажигать цель

2. Переведите следующие словосочетания

the engine that his name, ignition system, to be fed with electricity, the operation performed, warm-up period

3. Перечитайте и переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы

Text 7. THE DIESEL ENGINE

In 1890s, Rudolf Diesel, a German, invented the engine that bears his name. As distinguished from gasoline engines diesels have no ignition system fed with electricity. The fuel is ignited simply by contact with very hot air in the cylinder.

The operation performed is like this: when taken in the cylinder the air is highlycompressed, the temperature rises so the heated fuel-air mixture burns. The higher the pressure, the higher the temperature. Besides the compressed mixture produced more power than that uncompressed.

Diesel engines power many of the used vehicles and other equipment. They are usually used in cases where engine weight is not a prime factor. Their advantage is that they are simple in design and use much heavier liquid fuels than gasoline engines. The cost of a heavier fuel is much less than that of a light one. Besides the fuel consumption of a diesel is much less than that of gasoline en­gines.

Although applied for many purposes diesel engines have certain disadvantag­ing. Their weight is more than that of a gasoline engine of the same power and it occupies much space. The disadvantages of diesels as passenger-car engines are slow performance, noise and smoke.

All the companies investigating diesels are trying to reduce noise and smoke, but the problems are not yet entirely solved. Diesel engines clatter when started on a cold morning. And the warm-up period for all diesels seems too long to drivers accustomed to gasoline models.

Who invented diesel engine?

Do diesel engines have ignition system fed with electricity?

How is the fuel ignited in the diesel engine?

What is the operation performed?

Do diesel engines power most of vehicles and other equipment?

What is the advantage of diesel engines?

What are disadvantages of diesels as passenger-car engines?

Are the companies trying to reduce noise and smoke of diesel engines?

4. Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с содержанием текста и переведите предложения.

The fuel is______ simply by contact with very hot____ in the cylinder.

The operation performed is like this: when taken in the cylinder the air is highly the temperature so the heated fuel-air mixture___________

Diesel engines ___________ most of the used vehicles and other equipment.

Their __________ is that they are simple in ___________and use much heavier liquid fuels than gasoline engines.

The _____________ of diesels as ___________ engines are slow performance, noise and smoke.

All the companies ___________ diesels are trying to reduce noise and smoke, but the problems are not yet __________solved.

СЛОВАРЬ К УРОКУ 7

Слова, словосочетания и специальные термины

accustom - привыкать

apply — применять

bear (bore, born) — нести груз, выдерживать нагрузку

bearing — подшипник; опора

clatter — стучать (о двигателе и. т.п.)

distinguish — различать, выделять из других

engine that bears his name — двигатель, который носит его имя

entire —весь, полный, всеобъемлющий

entirely — полностью, целиком

fed (to be fed) with electricity - питаться от электричества

feed — подавать, питать

heat — нагрев, тепло; нагревать

ignite — зажигать, воспламенять

igniter — воспламенитель, запал

ignition — зажигание, замок зажигания

ignition system — система зажигания

invent — изобретать

invention — изобретение

inventor — изобретатель

investigate — исследовать

liquid — жидкость

operation performed — выполненная работа (операция)

power — сила, мощность, власть; приводить в действие

pressure — давление

purpose — цель, стремление

purposeful — целесообразный, специально созданный

purposeless — нецелесообразный, бессмысленный

reduce — сокращать, уменьшать

sрасе — пространство

take (took, taken) — брать, захватывать

unbearable — невыносимый

unbearably - невыносимо

warm-up period — время прогрева (двигателя)

weight — вес; весить