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Having learnt some properties, we can understand that water molecule has a considerable amount of ionic character. A related effect which stabilizes the dissolved ions is the formation of hydrates of the ions. Each negative ion attracts the positive ends of the adjacent water molecules, and tends to hold several water molecules attached to itself. The positive ions show the effect still more strongly; each positive ion attracts the negative ends of the water molecules, and binds several molecules about itself forming a hydrate which may have considerable stability.

The number of water molecules attached to a cation is determined by the size of the cation. The forces between cation and water molecules are so strong that ions often retain a layer of water molecules in crystals. This water is reffered to as water of crystallization.

UNIT II LASER LIGHT in CHEMISTRY

Grammar: The Objective Infinitive Construction.

The use of much.

Text: Laser Light.

Translate and memorize the following words.

laser	intense	spontaneously l
surface	chromatic	merely
amplifier	coherent	uncoordinated
directionality	incandescent	testify
contamination	brief	to monitor