Structure

The political science represents a wide complex of knowledge of the politician, covering its various displays. Specificity of political science consists in revealing of the nature, conditions and technology of distribution and power realization in political community, that is among those who expressly or by implication participates in political life.

Being the uniform and integrated science about the politician, the political science includes a number of private disciplines which investigate those or other parties of the political validity. Among them it is possible to allocate political philosophy, political sociology, political psychology, political anthropology, history of political doctrines etc. So, the political philosophy investigates valuable world outlook aspects of a policy, political ideals, norms, cybernetics, she focuses attention on the decision of concrete political problems: development of mechanisms of a resolution of conflicts, technology of conducting political negotiations, definition of models of behavior of voters, revealing of value of regional factors on political life, creation of favorable political image, planning and carrying out of election campaigns, technology of a manipulation mass consciousness etc.

Thus, the political science represents a uniform science about the politician, integrating conclusions of private political disciplines. It organically combines three levels of knowledge of the politician: philosophical on which are defined sense, the nature and appointment of the power, the state etc.; theoretical, revealing a place and a role of each political institute and the subject, the form and types of functioning of imperious relations; sociological, opening the reasons and motives of political influence and behavior of individuals, groups.

3.Methods and political science functions. The basic methods of a political science

1. Institutional. On interactions of political institutes: the rights, the states, political parties and movements etc.

The analysis of official structures and formal rules of decision-making

2. Historical. On the political phenomena and processes in time and space

The analysis of changes of political norms, relations, institutes in a context of communication of the past, the present and the future

3. Sociological. On dependence of a policy on social factors: economy, social structure, ideology, culture etc. The policy analysis as spheres of purposeful interactions of the social groups pursuing the interests. Character of interests is caused by social factors

4. Bihevioristsky. On personal measurement of a policy, behaviour of the separate person. The analysis of regularly observable behaviour of the individual, possibility of measurement of its motivation

5. Psychological. On subjective mechanisms of political behaviour: promptings, desires, passions etc.. The analysis of individual qualities, character traits, the unconscious mental processes influencing political behaviour

6. System. On integrity of a policy and character of its mutual relations with environment. The analysis of character of an exchange of resources and the information between a policy and other spheres and ways of distribution of resources power institutes

Political science functions

Sense of epistemo-logical function of political science - in revealing of the nature of imperious relations, the states, accumulation of knowledge of the political phenomena and processes, a substantiation of effective forms of development of a society. Generalising world and national experience of creation of political institutes, the political science helps to find an optimum political policy, to formulate scientifically well-founded purposes and means of their achievement. For this purpose diagnosing of a real condition is preliminary spent. Societies, revealing of existing groups of interests and their coordination with tendencies of social progress. Thereby political science выполняет практическую function. Besides, the political science carries out прогностическую function. The knowledge of world tendencies of political development and their correlation with groups of interests existing in a society allows to define efficiency of prospective political decisions beforehand. Preliminary expert examination presence helps to insure a society from negative consequences and inefficient actions. At last, the political science carries out important cultural function. The citizen should know, how the power, what principles of mutual relations of the state and a society is formed; it is necessary for it to represent precisely the rights and possibilities in change of an unfair political order or influence on the power. Imparting the individual political knowledge, the political science allows to understand logic of social changes, to develop rational and effective ways of conscious participation in political life. Thereby the political science arms with its political experience, political culture, forms as the conscious and independent subject of historical process.

4. The Power as a category of a political science. Power concepts in a political science

By the nature the power - the phenomenon social as arises in a society. The society without the power is a chaos, disorganisation, self-damage of social communications. The requirement for imperious mechanisms is caused by a number of the reasons, and first of necessarily to give to interactions between people expediency, a rationality, organisation, having created the general for all corrected behaviour. Besides, power presence is caused by objective requirement for regulation of social relations, the coordination and integration of variety of incoincident interests and requirements of people by means of various means, including compulsions. The matter is that the society represents set of the individuals which possibilities considerably differ. People occupy an unequal social status in a society, have a various standard of living, material riches, formation, are occupied by different kinds of the work which public estimations also differ. At last, one people are talented, others - not so, one are active, others are passive etc. All these displays of a natural and social inequality of people in a society generate incompatibility, and sometimes contrast of their interests and requirements. If not the power the society would be lost under cargo of infinite internal contradictions and struggle. The power co-ordinates these incoincident interests, regulates mutual relations between their carriers, provides interaction of social subjects and by that protects a society from anarchy and disintegration. The political power is a special public relation which is shown in ability effectively to influence people and things, resorting to various means - from belief before compulsion. On the essence the power is compulsion. However possibility to force others does not exclude presence of the consent, joining, participation of persons in the certain social relation. Depending on means against which ability effectively leans to influence people and things, the power appears in various forms. The form of realisation of the power is the authority - ability of the subject of the power to influence object, other people in the necessary direction without compulsion, threat of sanctions. The authority assumes informality of influence and voluntariness of submission. It is based on respect for the authority carrier, the consent to follow its instructions, a recognition руководимыми the rights of the subject of authority to management owing to possession by it any outstanding qualities: mind, knowledge, experience, sanctity, moral virtues etc.

The theological concept of the power. One of the earliest definitions of the power started with a theological explanation of its nature and was under construction by means of the theory of the divine right. According to the given concept any government occurs from God, and all monarchs who are carrying out the power, - only executors of divine will. The requirement for the power was deduced from the thesis about «natural sinfulness» person.