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Activity 1. Skim through the text of Сhapter II of the Constitution to get an overview of the scope of human rights it secures to citizens of Ukraine
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| CONSTITUTION OF UKRAINE. CHAPTER II Article 21 All people are free and equal in their dignity and rights. Human rights and freedoms are inalienable and inviolable. Article 22 Human and citizens' rights and freedomsaffirmed by this Constitution are not exhaustive. Constitutional rights and freedoms are guaranteed and shall not be abolished. The content and scope of existing rights and freedoms shall not be diminished in the adoption of new laws or in the amendment of laws that are in force. Article 23 Every person has the right to free development of his or her personality if the rights and freedoms of other persons are not violated thereby, and has duties before the society in which the free and comprehensive development of his or her personality is ensured. Article 24 Citizens have equal constitutional rights and freedoms and are equal before the law. There shall be no privileges or restrictions based on race, colour of skin, political, religious and other beliefs, sex, ethnic and social origin, property status, place of residence, linguistic or other characteristics. Equality of the rights of women and men is ensured: by providing women with opportunities equal to those of men, in public and political, and cultural activity, in obtaining education and in professional training, in work and its remuneration; by special measures for the protection of work and health of women; by establishing pension privileges, by creating conditions that allow women to combine work and motherhood; by legal protection, material and moral support of motherhood and childhood, including the provision of paid leaves and other privileges to pregnant women and mothers. Article 25 A citizen of Ukraine shall not be deprived of citizenship and of the right to change citizenship. A citizen of Ukraine shall not be expelled from Ukraine or surrendered to another state. Ukraine guarantees care and protection to its citizens who are beyond its borders. Article 26 Foreigners and stateless persons who are in Ukraine on legal grounds enjoy the same rights and freedoms and also bear the same duties as citizens of Ukraine, with the exceptions established by the Constitution, laws or international treaties of Ukraine. Foreigners and stateless persons may be granted asylum by the procedure established by law. Article 27 Every person has the inalienable right to life. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of life. The duty of the State is to protect human life. Everyone has the right to protect his or her life and health, the lives and health of other persons against unlawful encroachments. Article 28 Everyone has the right to respect of his or her dignity. No one shall be subjected to torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment that violates his or her dignity. No person shall be subjected to medical, scientific or other experiments without his or her free consent. Article 29 Every person has the right to freedom and personal inviolability. No one shall be arrested or held in custody other than pursuant to a substantiated court decision and only on the grounds and in accordance with the procedure established by law. In the event of an urgent necessity to prevent or stop a crime, bodies authorised by law may hold a person in custody as a temporary preventive measure, the reasonable grounds for which shall be verified by a court within seventy-two hours. The detained person shall be released immediately, if he or she has not been provided, within seventy-two hours from the moment of detention, with a substantiated court decision in regard to the holding in custody. Everyone arrested or detained shall be informed without delay of the reasons for his or her arrest or detention, apprised of his or her rights, and from the moment of detention shall be given the opportunity to personally defend himself or herself, or to have the legal assistance of a defender. Everyone detained has the right to challenge his or her detention in court at any time. Relatives of an arrested or detained person shall be informed immediately of his or her arrest or detention. Article 30 Everyone is guaranteed the inviolability of his or her dwelling place. Entry into a dwelling place or other possessions of a person, and the examination or search thereof, shall not be permitted, other than pursuant to a substantiated court decision. In urgent cases related to the preservation of human life and property or to the direct pursuit of persons suspected of committing a crime, another procedure established by law is possible for entry into a dwelling place or other possessions of a person, and for the examination and search thereof. Article 31 Everyone is guaranteed privacy of mail, telephone conversations, telegraph and other correspondence. Exceptions shall be established only by a court in cases envisaged by law, with the purpose of preventing crime or ascertaining the truth in the course of the investigation of a criminal case, if it is not possible to obtain information by other means. Article 32 No one shall be subject to interference in his or her personal and family life, except in cases envisaged by the Constitution of Ukraine. The collection, storage, use and dissemination of confidential informationabout a person without his or her consent shall not be permitted, except in cases determined by law, and only in the interests of national security, economic welfare and human rights. Every citizen has the right to examine information about himself or herself, that is not a state secret or other secret protected by law, at the bodies of state power, bodies of local self-government, institutions and organisations. Everyone is guaranteed judicial protection of the right to rectify incorrect information about himself or herself and members of his or her family, and of the right to demand that any type of information be expunged, and also the right to compensation for material and moral damages inflicted by the collection, storage, use and dissemination of such incorrect information. Article 33 Everyone who is legally present on the territory of Ukraine is guaranteed freedom of movement, free choice of place of residence, and the right to freely leave the territory of Ukraine, with the exception of restrictions established by law. A citizen of Ukraine may not be deprived of the right to return to Ukraine at any time. Article 34 Everyone is guaranteed the right to freedom of thought and speech, and to the free expression of his or her views and beliefs. Everyone has the right to freely collect, store, use and disseminate information by oral, written or other means of his or her choice. The exercise of these rights may be restricted by law in the interests of national security, territorial indivisibility or public order, with the purpose of preventing disturbances or crimes, protecting the health of the population, the reputation or rights of other persons, preventing the publication of information received confidentially, or supporting the authority and impartiality of justice. Article 35 Everyone has the right to freedom of personal philosophy and religion. This right includes the freedom to profess or not to profess any religion, to perform alone or collectively and without constraint religious rites and ceremonial rituals, and to conduct religious activity. The exercise of this right may be restrictedby law only in the interests of protecting public order, the health and morality of the population, or protecting the rights and freedoms of other persons. The Church and religious organisations in Ukraine are separated from the State, and the school — from the Church. No religion shall be recognised by the State as mandatory. No one shall be relieved of his or her duties before the State or refuse to perform the laws for reasons of religious beliefs. In the event that the performance of military duty is contrary to the religious beliefs of a citizen, the performance of this duty shall be replaced by alternative (non-military) service. Article 36 Citizens of Ukraine have the right to freedom of association in political parties and public organisations for the exercise and protection of their rights and freedoms and for the satisfaction of their political, economic, social, cultural and other interests, with the exception of restrictions established by law in the interests of national security and public order, the protection of the health of the population or the protection of rights and freedoms of other persons. Political parties in Ukraine promotethe formation and expression of the political will of citizens, and participate in elections. Only citizens of Ukraine may be members of political parties. Restrictions on membership in political parties are established exclusivelyby this Constitution and the laws of Ukraine. Citizens have the right to take part in trade unions with the purpose of protecting their labour and socio-economic rights and interests. Trade unions are public organisations that unite citizens bound by common interests that accord with the nature of their professional activity. Trade unions are formed without prior permission on the basis of the free choice of their members. All trade unions have equal rights. Restrictions on membership in trade unions are established exclusively by this Constitution and the laws of Ukraine. No one may be forced to join any association of citizens or be restricted in his or her rights for belonging or not belonging to political parties or public organisations. All associations of citizens are equal before the law. Article 37 The establishment and activity of political parties and public associations are prohibited if their programme goals or actions are aimed at the liquidation of the independence of Ukraine, the change of the constitutional order by violent means, the violation of the sovereignty and territorial indivisibility of the State, the undermining of its security, the unlawful seizure of state power, the propaganda of war and of violence, the incitement of inter-ethnic, racial, or religious enmity, and the encroachments on human rights and freedomsand the health of the population. Political parties and public associations shall not have paramilitary formations. The creation and activity of organisational structures of political parties shall not be permitted within bodies of executive and judicial power and executive bodies of local self-government, in military formations, and also in state enterprises, educational establishments and other state institutions and organisations. The prohibition of the activity of associations of citizens is exercised only through judicial procedure. Article 38 Citizens have the right to participate in the administration of state affairs, in All-Ukrainian and local referendums, to freely elect and to be elected to bodies of state power and bodies of local self-government. Citizens enjoy the equal right of access to the civil service and to service in bodies of local self-government. Article 39 Citizens have the right to assemble peacefully without arms and to hold meetings, rallies, processions and demonstrations, upon notifying in advance the bodies of executive power or bodies of local self-government. Restrictions on the exercise of this right may be established by a court in accordance with the law and only in the interests of national security and public order, with the purpose of preventing disturbances or crimes, protecting the health of the population, or protecting the rights and freedoms of other persons. Article 40 Everyone has the right to file individual or collective written petitions, or to personally appeal to bodies of state power, bodies of local self-government, and to the officials and officers of these bodies, that are obliged to consider the petitions and to provide a substantiated reply within the term established by law. Article 41 Everyone has the right to own, use and dispose of his or her property, and the results of his or her intellectual and creative activity. The rightof private property is acquired by the procedure determined by law. In order to satisfy their needs, citizens may use the objects of the right of state and communal property in accordance with the law. No one shall be unlawfully deprived of the right of property. The right of private property is inviolable. The expropriation of objects of the right of private property may be applied only as an exception for reasons of social necessity, on the grounds of and by the procedure established by law, and on the condition of advance and complete compensation of their value. The expropriation of such objects with subsequent complete compensation of their value is permitted only under conditions of martial law or a state of emergency. Confiscation of property may be applied only pursuant to a court decision, in the cases, in the extent and by the procedure established by law. The use of property shall not cause harm to the rights, freedoms and dignity of citizens, the interests of society, aggravate the ecological situation and the natural qualities of land. Article 42 Everyone has the right to entrepreneurial activity that is not prohibited by law. The entrepreneurial activity of deputies, officials and officers of bodies of state power and of bodies of local self-government is restricted by law. The State ensures the protection of competition in entrepreneurial activity. The abuse of a monopolistic position in the market, the unlawful restriction of competition, and unfair competition, shall not be permitted. The types and limits of monopolies are determined by law. The State protects the rights of consumers, exercises control over the quality and safety of products and of all types of services and work, and promotes the activity of public consumer associations. Article 43 Everyone has the right to labour, including the possibility to earn one's living by labour that he or she freely chooses or to which he or she freely agrees. The State creates conditions for citizens to fully realise their right to labour, guarantees equal opportunities in the choice of profession and of types of labour activity, implements programmes of vocational education, training and re-training of personnel according to the needs of society. The use of forced labour is prohibited. Military or alternative (non-military) service, and also work or service carried out by a person in compliance with a verdict or other court decision, or in accordance with the laws on martial law or on a state of emergency, are not considered to be forced labour. Everyone has the right to proper, safe and healthy work conditions, and to remuneration no less than the minimum wage as determined by law. The employment of women and minors for work that is hazardous to their health, is prohibited. Citizens are guaranteed protection from unlawful dismissal. The right to timely payment for labour is protected by law. Article 44 Those who are employed have the right to strike for the protection of their economic and social interests. The procedure for exercising the right to strike is established by law, taking into account the necessity to ensure national security, health protection, and rights and freedoms of other persons. No one shall be forced to participate or not to participate in a strike. The prohibition of a strike is possible only on the basis of the law. Article 45 Everyone who is employed has the right to rest. This right is ensured by providing weekly rest days and also paid annual vacation, by establishing a shorter working day for certain professions and industries, and reduced working hours at night. The maximum number of working hours, the minimum duration of rest and of paid annual vacation, days off and holidays as well as other conditions for exercising this right, are determined by law. Article 46 Citizens have the right to social protection that includes the right to provision in cases of complete, partial or temporary disability, the loss of the principal wage-earner, unemployment due to circumstances beyond their control and also in old age, and in other cases established by law. This right is guaranteed by general mandatory state social insurance on account of the insurance payments of citizens, enterprises, institutions and organisations, and also from budgetary and other sources of social security; by the establishment of a network of state, communal and private institutions to care for persons incapable of work. Pensions and other types of social payments and assistance that are the principal sources of subsistence, shall ensure a standard of living not lower than the minimum living standard established by law. Article 47 Everyone has the right to housing. The State creates conditions that enable every citizen to build, purchase as property, or to rent housing. Citizens in need of social protection are provided with housing by the State and bodies of local self-government, free of charge or at a price affordable for them, in accordance with the law. No one shall be forcibly deprived of housing other than on the basis of the law pursuant to a court decision. Article 48 Everyone has the right to a standard of living sufficient for himself or herself and his or her family that includes adequate nutrition, clothing and housing. Article 49 Everyone has the right to health protection, medical care and medical insurance. Health protection is ensured through state funding of the relevant socio-economic, medical and sanitary, health improvement and prophylactic programmes. The State creates conditions for effective medical service accessible to all citizens. State and communal health protection institutions provide medical care free of charge; the existing network of such institutions shall not be reduced. The State promotes the development of medical institutions of all forms of ownership. The State provides for the development of physical culture and sports, and ensures sanitary-epidemic welfare. Article 50 Everyone has the right to an environment that is safe for life and health, and to compensation for damages inflicted through the violation of this right. Everyone is guaranteed the right of free access to information about the environmental situation, the quality of food and consumer goods, and also the right to disseminate such information. No one shall make such information secret. Article 51 Marriage is based on the free consent of a woman and a man. Each of the spouses has equal rights and duties in the marriage and family. Parents are obliged to support their children until they attain the age of majority. Adult children are obliged to care for their parents who are incapable of work. The family, childhood, motherhood and fatherhood are under the protection of the State. Article 52 Children are equal in their rights regardless of their origin and whether they are born in or out of wedlock. Any violence against a child, or his or her exploitation, shall be prosecuted by law. The maintenance and upbringing of orphans and children deprived of parental care is entrusted to the State. The State encourages and supports charitable activity in regard to children. Article 53 Everyone has the right to education. Complete general secondary education is compulsory. The State ensures accessible and free pre-school, complete general secondary, vocational and higher education in state and communal educational establishments; the development of pre-school, complete general secondary, extra-curricular, vocational, higher and post-graduate education, various forms of instruction; the provision of state scholarships and privileges to pupils and students. Citizens have the right to obtain free higher education in state and communal educational establishments on a competitive basis. Citizens who belong to national minorities are guaranteed in accordance with the law the right to receive instruction in their native language, or to study their native language in state and communal educational establishments and through national cultural societies. Article 54 Citizens are guaranteed the freedom of literary, artistic, scientific and technical creativity, protection of intellectual property, their copyright, moral and material interests that arise with regard to various types of intellectual activity. Every citizen has the right to the results of his or her intellectual, creative activity; no one shall use or distribute them without his or her consent, with the exceptions established by law. The State promotes the development of science and the establishment of scientific relations of Ukraine with the world community. Cultural heritage is protected by law. The State ensures the preservation of historical monuments and other objects of cultural value, and takes measures to return to Ukraine the cultural treasures of the nation, that are located beyond its borders. Article 55 Human and citizens' rights and freedoms are protected by the court. Everyone is guaranteed the right to challenge in court the decisions, actions or omission of bodies of state power, bodies of local self-government, officials and officers. Everyone has the right to appeal for the protection of his or her rights to the Authorised Human Rights Representative of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. After exhausting all domestic legal remedies, everyone has the right to appeal for the protection of his or her rights and freedoms to the relevant international judicial institutions or to the relevant bodies of international organisations of which Ukraine is a member or participant. Everyone has the right to protect his or her rights and freedoms from violations and illegal encroachments by any means not prohibited by law. Article 56 Everyone has the right to compensation, at the expense of the State or bodies of local self-government, for material and moral damages inflicted by unlawful decisions, actions or omission of bodies of state power, bodies of local self-government, their officials and officers during the exercise of their authority. | inalienable and inviolable — невідчужувані та непорушні exhaustive — вичерпний abolish — скасовувати amendment of laws that are in force — внесення змін до чинних законів comprehensive development — всебічний розвиток equal before the law — рівні перед законом privileges or restrictions based on race, colour of skin — привілеї чи обмеження за ознаками раси, кольору шкіри work and its remuneration — праця і винагорода за неї provision of paid leaves — надання оплачуваних відпусток privileges — пільги deprive of citizenship — позбавляти громадянства guarantee care and protection — гарантувати піклування та захист beyond its borders — за її межами stateless persons — особи без громадянства on legal grounds — на законних підставах grant asylum — надавати притулок inalienable right to life —невід’ємне право на життя unlawful encroachment — протиправне посягання no one shall be subjected to torture — ніхто не може бути підданий катуванню hоld in custody — тримати під вартою pursuant to a substantiated court decision — за вмотивованим рішенням суду іn the event of an urgent necessity — в разі нагальної необхідності temporary preventive measure — тимчасовий запобіжний захід the detained person shall be released immediately — затримана особа має бути негайно звільнена without delay — невідкладно the right to challenge his or her detention in court — право оскаржувати своє затримання в суді еntry into a dwelling place or other possessions of a person — проникнення до житла або іншого володіння особи persons suspected of committing a crime — особи, які підозрюються у вчиненні злочину privacy of mail — таємниця листування ascertain the truth — з’ясовувати істину storage, use and dissemination of confidential information — зберігання, використання та поширення конфіденційної інформації rectify incorrect information — спростовувати недостовірну інформацію freedom of movement — свобода пересування free choice of place of residence — вільний вибір місця проживання free expression of his or her views and beliefs — вільне вираження своїх поглядів і переконань national security —національна безпека territorial indivisibility — територіальна цілісність prevent disturbances — запобігати заворушенням impartiality of justice — неупередженість правосуддя the exercise of this right — здійснення цього права are separatedfrom the State — відокремлені від держави mandatory — обов’язковий contrary to the religious beliefs — суперечити релігійним переконанням promote — cприяти restrictions on membership — обмеження щодо членства without prior permission — без попереднього дозволу aimed at the liquidation of the independence — спрямовані на ліквідацію незалежності unlawful seizure of state power — незаконне захоплення державної влади incitement of inter-ethnic, racial, or religious enmity — розпалювання міжетнічної, расової або релігійної ворожнечі encroachments on human rights and freedoms — посягання на права і свободи людини equal right of access to the civil service — рівне право доступу до державної служби assemble peacefully without arms — збиратися мирно, без зброї hold meetings, rallies — проводити збори, мітинги notify in advance — завчасно сповіщати individual or collective petitions — індивідуальні чи колективні звернення within the term established by law — у встановлений законом строк own, use and dispose of his or her property — володіти, користуватися і розпоряджатися своєю власністю acquire the right — набувати право inviolable — непорушний on the condition of advance and complete compensation — за умови попереднього і повного відшкодування martial law — воєнний стан state of emergency — надзвичайний стан protection of competition — захист конкуренції abuse of a monopolistic position in the market — зловживання монополістичним становищем на ринку unfair competition — недобросовісна конкуренція consumer association — асоціація споживачів earn one's living by labour — заробляти собі на життя працею guarantee equal opportunities — гарантувати рівні можливості implement programmes of vocational education — реалізовувати програми професійно-технічного навчання training and re-training of personnel — підготовка і перепідготовка кадрів minors — неповнолітні unlawful dismissal — незаконне звільнення ensure national security — забезпечувати національну безпеку paid annual vacation — щорічна оплачувана відпустка reduced working hours —скорочена тривалість роботи complete, partial or temporary disability — повна, часткова або тимчасова непрацездатність loss of the principal wage-earner — втрата годувальника general mandatory state social insurance — загальнообов’язкове державне соціальне страхування principal source of subsistence — основне джерело існування at a price affordable for them — за доступну для них плату sufficient standardof living —достатній рівень життя medical service accessible to all citizens — медичне обслуговування, доступне для всіх громадян the existing network — існуюча мережа environment that is safe for life and health — довкілля, безпечне для життя і здоров’я the right of free access to information —право вільного доступу до інформації the right to disseminate such information — право поширювати таку інформацію regardless of their origin — незалежно від походження maintenance and upbringing — утримання та виховання encourage and support charitable activity — заохочувати і підтримувати благодійну діяльність provision of state scholarships and privileges — надання державних стипендій та пільг national minorities — національні меншини native language — рідна мова protection of intellectual property — захист інтелектуальної власності copyright — авторське право сultural heritage — культурна спадщина preservation of historical monuments — збереження історичних пам’яток actions or omission of bodies of state power — дії чи бездіяльність органів державної влади officials and officers — посадові і службові особи exhaust all domestic legal remedies — вичерпати всі засоби судового захисту at the expense of the State or bodies of local self-government — за рахунок держави або органів місцевого самоврядування |
Activity 2. Read these Articles of the Constitution carefully, paying attention to the words and phrases in bold. Check your knowledge of the basic vocabulary looking at their Ukrainian equivalents in the margin.
Activity 3. As one of the representatives of the Law Students Association of Ukraine you have been invited to visit Yale University in the USA. Answer the questions asked by your foreign counterparts.
1. What effective mechanisms for the protection of human rights exist in Ukraine? 2. According to Article 27 of the Constitution, every person has an inalienable right to life. But the 2000 US Department Country Report released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights states that there were numerous killings committed in Ukraine. Has any progress been made in solving the murders of the past years such as the killings of journalist Heorhiy Gongadze, of the former director of the National Bank of Ukraine Vadym Hetman or the director of local television station Ihor Bondar in Odessa, and others? 3. Your Constitution prohibits torture; however, Amnesty International and other human rights groups received reports about continued torture and beating of detainees and prisoners. Is there any effective mechanism for obtaining redress for such actions? 4. Is arbitrary arrest possible in Ukraine? Who issues arrest warrants? 5. What is the maximum period of detention after charges have been filed? 6. What law, if any, limits the aggregate time of detention before and during a trial? 7. Are accused persons released on bail pending trial? 8. The Constitution provides compensation for unlawful or arbitrary arrest, detention, or conviction. Do you know any cases when this provision was invoked? 9. Is a suspect, while in custody, allowed to talk with a lawyer in private? 10. Is independent judicial branch of power available in Ukraine? 11. Is it true that in 1999 the Constitutional court ruled that the Government’s practice of limiting the judiciary’s budget was unconstitutional? 12. According to the Report, the Office of the Prosecutor General practices selective prosecution and initiates investigations against the political or economic opponents of the President and his allies. Can you disprove it? 13. Is wiretapping allowed or prohibited in Ukraine? 14. Are there violations of freedom of expression in Ukraine? 15. What does a journalist who publishes an article critical of a public official risk? 16. In what way are some opposition papers driven out of business? 17. What steps shall be taken in order to adequately address the problem of the media on the highest governmental level? 18. Do you think it is necessary to immediately abolish the practices of closure of opposition media outlets and termination of broadcasting? 19. What restrictions may be imposed on citizens’ right to assemble peacefully without arms? What can those restrictions be justified by? 20. Does the State create conditions for citizens to fully realise their right to labour?
Activity 4. You have been invited to the Human Rights Centre of Notingham University in the UK. Write an outline plan of your presentation at the Centre about human rights protection in Ukraine.
Activity 5. Summing up your human rights protection training write an essay based on the quotation from John Philpot Curran (1750-1817) “Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty. It is the common fate of the indolent to see their rights become a prey to the active”. Do you agree with him? Give your reasonings.
VOCABULARY FOCUS. REVISION TEST:
Choose the verb that best completes the sentence:
1. I hope you are not... to me any intention to mislead the prosecution.
a) impugn; b) impute; c) infringe; d) encroach
2. The tax inspector gained complete... to the company files.
a) excess; b) access; c) accession; d) assess
3. The prosecutor... several supplementary facts to substantiate his culpability.
a) induced; b) deducted; c) reduced; d) adduced
4. Before an Act of Parliament can become law, it needs to receive Royal... from the monarch.
a) Consent; b) Assent; c) Dissent; d) Agreement
5. The... of today's festival will go to several local charities.
a) proceedings; b) procedure; c) proceeds; d) preceding
6. As a political party they are trying to... a change in the way what we think about our environment.
a) affect; b) effect; c) impact; d) influence
7. The defendant... that the police forced him to make false confessions.
a) alleges; b) alludes; c) eludes; d) states
8. The President has been... of the situation.
a) apprised; b) appraised; c) ascertained; d) approved
9. Shall we... with the investigation as agreed?
a) precede; b) proceed; c) procede; d) accede
10. You should ask a lawyer for advice on how to... from here.
a) precede; b) proceed; c) procede; d) accede
11. The enquiry centred on how the assassin had gained... to the building.
a) admittance; b) admission; c) entrance; d) admissibility
12. The large London museums have begun to charge...
a) admittance; b) admission; c) entrance; d) admissibility
13. The parliamentary... is due to start on May 27th.
a) cession; b) cessation; c) session; d) setting
14. The European Court shall... a number of judges equal to that of the High Contracting Parties.
a) comprise; b) compose of; c) consist of; d) include
15. My lawyer is going to... an application and file it with the Court.
a) compile; b) compose; c) comprise; d) be composed
16. Money laundering is legitimizing... from organized or other crime by paying it through normal business channels.
a) proceedings; b) procedure; c) proceeds; d) preceding
17. All over the city there are giant posters of the president — evidence of the... cult that surrounds him.
a) personalty; b) personality; c) personally; d) personnel
18. Most of the civil servants involved in the affair have been successfully... and dismissed.
a) prosecuted; b) persecuted; c) precipitated; d) preceded
19. Religious minorities were... and massacred duting the totalitarian regime.
a) proscribed; b) prosecuted; b) persecuted; c) precipitated
20. The Scottish... system is quite different from the English one.
a) constitutional; b) legal; c) lawful; d) legitimate
21. An illegal immigrant is a person who entered a country in order to live there without having any... right to do so.
a) constitutional; b) legal; c) lawful; d) licit
22. The army supported the... government.
a) constitutional; b) legal; c) lawful; d) legitimate
23. In criminal cases the decision whether or not grant... aid rests with the court, which will make a... aid order when this is desirable in the interests of justice.
a) constitutional; b) legal; c) lawful; d) legitimate
24.... comprises the formal steps to be taken in an action or other judicial..., criminal or civil.
a) proceeding; b) procedure; c) proceeds; d) proceed
Дата публикования: 2015-02-18; Прочитано: 301 | Нарушение авторского права страницы | Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!
