Read and memorize the following words. Use them in the sentences. calculate a percentage

stay the same

tend to do

calculate a percentage

complicated

value

influence

enable

move on

significant

3. Read and translate the following sentences:

1. The final figures showed that most departments had stayed within budget. It was so warm we stayed (out) in the garden until ten that night. Put a lid on the pan so the food will stay hot. The shops stay open until 9 o' clock. 2. The cost of the damage caused by the recent storms has been calculated as/at over £5 million. The new tax system would be calculated on the value of property owned by an individual. 3. What percentage of women return to work after having a baby? Interest rates have risen by two percentage points. 4. I had to fill in this really complicated form. The rules are rather complicated to follow. The relationship is a bit complicated. He's my mother's cousin's daughter's child. 5. They are known to place/put/set a high value on good presentation. The photos are of immense historical value. His contribution was of little or no practical value. 6. She's very good at making friends and influencing people. What influenced you to choose a career in nursing? 7. Computerization should enable us to cut production costs by half. 8. I'd done the same job for years and felt it was time to move on. I've been in Paris long enough - it's time to move on. 9. There has been a significant increase in the number of women students in recent years. The talks between the USA and the USSR were very significant for the relationship between the two countries. 10. We tend to get cold winters and warm, dry summers in this part of the country.

4. Read and translate the texts:

Categorical data are concerned with characteristics of cases, such as an individual’s name, gender, colour (say, of eyes, hair, car or socks) or opinion about some issue (which may be given as an answer in an interview or questionnaire in terms of categories such as: agree, have no opinion, disagree, or better, stay the same, worse). In the main, categorical data tend to be described using percentages. To calculate a percentage is easy:

1. Take the number of cases in a certain category.

2. Divide this by the total number of cases.

3. Multiply the result by 100.

With numerical data, the variables that you are concerned with include measurements and counts such as weight, height, age, or income, and so on, and these are obviously expressed as numbers. Because these data have numerical meaning, you can describe them in more ways than you can describe categorical data. What is comforting is that these descriptive statistics can often be done without needing complicated statistical software – your fingers and some mental arithmetic, or a calculator, will do just as well. Descriptive statistics allow you to describe where the centre is; that is, where the middle point of the data is, or what a typical value might be, and how much the data differ from (are dispersed) around this middle value. And, clearly, the method that you choose to find the centre of a data set influences the conclusions that you can draw about your data.