Read and memorize the following words. Use them in the sentences. Available determine intend interpret

Available determine intend interpret

compile involve to target

equal improve survey

3. Read and translate the following sentences:

1. Is this dress available in a larger size? Our autumn catalogue is now available from our usual stockiest. There's no money available for an office party this year. 2. We're compiling some facts and figures for a documentary on the subject. 3. They've got a long way to go before they achieve equal pay/status for men and women. One liter is equal to 1.76 imperial pints. One box may look bigger than the other, but in fact they are roughly (= almost) equal in volume. 4. The doctors are still unable to determine what is wrong. Her exam results will determine which university she goes to. 5. The accident involved two cars and a truck. The operation involves inserting a small tube into the heart. 6. Her grades have improved greatly this semester. He did a lot to improve conditions for factory workers. The company is hoping to improve on last year's sales figures. 7. We intend to go to Australia next year to visit our daughter. The remark was intended as a compliment. 8. The paper is targeted specifically at young people. It is hoped that civilians will not be targeted during the war. 9. A recent survey found/revealed/showed that 58% of people did not know where their heart is. 10. It's difficult to interpret these statistics without knowing how they were obtained. A jury should not interpret the silence of a defendant as a sign of guilt.

4. Read and translate the text:

All statistical analysis begins by identifying the source of the data. Among the important sources of data are published sources, experiments, and surveys.

· Published Sources. Data available in print or in electronic form, including data found on Internet Web sites. Primary data sources are those published by the individual or group that collected the data. Secondary data sources are those compiled from primary sources.

For example: Many U.S. federal agencies, including the Census Bureau, publish primary data sources that are available at the Web site www.fedstats.gov. Business news sections of daily newspapers commonly publish secondary source data compiled by business organizations and government agencies.

You should always consider the possible bias of the publisher and whether the data contain all the necessary and relevant variables when using published sources. Remember, too, that anyone can publish data on the Internet.

· Experiments. A process that studies the effect on a variable of varying the value(s) of another variable or variables, while keeping all other things equal. A typical experiment contains both a treatment group and a control group. The treatment group consists of those individuals or things that receive the treatment(s) being studied. The control group consists of those individuals or things that do not receive the treatment(s) being studied.

For example: Pharmaceutical companies use experimental studies to determine whether a new drug is effective. A group of patients who have many similar characteristics is divided into two subgroups. Members of one group, the treatment group, receive the new drug. Members of the other group, the control group, receive a placebo, a substance that has no medical effect. After a time period, statistics about each group are compared.

Proper experiments are either single-blind or doubleblind. A study is a single-blind experiment if only the researcher conducting the study knows the identities of the members of the treatment and control groups. If neither the researcher nor study participants know who is in the treatment group and who is in the control group, the study is a double-blind experiment. When conducting experiments that involve placebos, researchers also have to consider the placebo effect —that is, whether people in the control group will improve because they believe that they are getting a real substance that is intended to produce a positive result. When a control group shows as much improvement as the treatment group, a researcher can conclude that the placebo effect is a significant factor in the improvements of both groups.

· Surveys. A process that uses questionnaires or similar means to gather values for the responses from a set of participants.

For example: The decennial U.S. census mail-in form, a poll of likely voters, a Web site instant poll or “question of the day.”

Surveys are either informal, open to anyone who wishes to participate; targeted, directed toward a specific group of individuals; or include people chosen at random. The type of survey affects how the data collected can be used and interpreted.

1. Complete the following sentences:

· Published Sources are data available in print or …..

· Primary data sources are those published by ….

· Secondary data sources are those compiled from …

· You should always consider …

· Experiment is a process …

· Proper experiments are either ….

· When a control group shows as much improvement as the treatment group ….

· Survey is a process that uses ….

· The type of survey affects ….

1. Ask 10 general questions to the text.
2. Answer the following questions:

· What does all statistical analysis begin by?

· What are the sources of data?

· What published sources are there?

· What are primary data sources?

· What are secondary data sources?

· Why should you remember that anyone can publish data on the Internet?

· What does a typical experiment contain?

· What does a treatment group consist of?

· What does a control group consist of?

· What study is a single-blind experiment?

· What study is a double-blind experiment?

· What is a placebo effect?

· What is a survey?

· What types of surveys are there?

1. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Use the expressions:

That is wrong That is right.

I disagree with you. I agree with you.

Far from it. Quite right

Nothing of the kind Exactly

It’s (not) quite right

· Published sources, experiments, and surveys are the important sources of data.

· Published sources data are available in print or in electronic form, including data found on Internet Web sites.

· Secondary data sources are those published by the individual or group that collected the data.

· A typical experiment contains both a treatment group and a control group.

· The control group consists of those individuals or things that receive the treatment(s) being studied.

· The treatment group consists of those individuals or things that do not receive the treatment(s) being studied.

· The placebo effect is when people in the control group will improve because they are getting a real substance that is intended to produce a positive result.

· Surveys are either informal, open to anyone who wishes to participate; targeted, directed toward a specific group of individuals; or include people chosen at random.

10. Get ready to speak about sources of data. Use the following phrases:

· I’d like to tell you about …

· It’s important to note that …

· I’d like to draw your attention to …

· One must mention …

· Summing it up ….