The establishment of the League of Nations

- came into being in 1920 with force of its Covenant, part of the Treaty of Versailles, which ended WWI.

- the first effort to create a permanent inter-governmental institutional framework for the resolution of political disputes and the preservation of peace.

- established the Permanent Court of International Justice

4. T he United Nations

- founded in 1945

- the mere existence meant efforts to make international law a more effective tool for preservation of interna­tional peace and the improvement of the human condition throughout the world.

Право международных договоров. Договорный процесс. Способы выражения согласия на обязательность международного договора (подписание, обмен документами, ратификация, присоединение).

- Treaties perform a variety of functions on the international plane that in domestic law are per­formed by many different types of legal acts

treaty –interna­tional agreement(conventions, pacts, covenants, charters or protocols – no legal significance of the designation) concluded between States in writ­ten form, governed by international law…

- serve as the constitutions of international organi­zations

- can be a source of general international law

- are used to: transfer territory, regulate commercial relations, settle disputes, protect human rights, guarantee investments, ect.

- International law of treaties has been codi­fied to a large extent in The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) (entered into force in 1985) – only treaties between states

Principles:

- pacta sunt servanda (binding)

- free consent

- good faith

Bilateral:

- originate in the foreign ministry of one of the parties

- dis­cussions: embas­sies, exchanges of diplomatic notes, draft texts preparation, negotiations to accept one draft

- enter into force: both states indicate intention to be bound by the agreement

Multilateral:

- at diplomatic conferences - participating states are represented by diplomatic delegations that include legal advisers. Before confer – various working papers or draft proposals

- presented amendments, established drafting committees, debated alternative texts

- summarize everything->Final Act serves to authenticate the text of the treaty

Consent to be bound:

- signature

- exchange of instruments

- usually binding upon ratification

- ratification – act whereby a state, through its head of state, foreign minister, or duly authorized diplomatic agent, declares that it considers itself bound by the treaty

- instrument of ratification – either exchanged or deposited with the designated depository state, which performs custodial functions

- accession - by depositing an instrument of accession

Termination, withdrawal, suspension:

- in conformity with the provisions(условия)

- by consent of all parties

3. Космическое пространство: определения, космический мусор, геостационарная орбита. Основные документы в области международного космического права.

- Space law is an area of the law that encompasses national and international law governing activities in outer space.

- outer space is considered to be the current orbitary minimum approximately 100-110 km. The outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is free of national appropriation.

- The Moon and other celestial bodies are common heritage of mankind. The outer space is used by all states parties to the treaty and exclusively for peaceful purposes.