Task 6. Compose a summary of the text in 80 words. A psychological contract

A PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT

A psychologicalcontract represents the mutual beliefs, percep­tions and informal obligations between an employer and an employee. It sets the dynamics for the relationship and defines the detailed practicality of the work to be done. It is distinguishable from the formal written contract of employment which, for the most part, only identifies mutual duties and responsibilities in a generalised form.

As commercial organisations grew in size and complexity, there was a tendency to standardise rather than individualise the treatment of labour. Trade unions emerged to offer protection to larger groups of employees. The result was collective bargaining to define pay and conditions by reference to grades across industries and trades and in public service. More recently, unions have lost some of their significance, leaving management in more direct control. But societies have developed expectations of a better work/life balance, reinforced by legislation, and employers have found it in their own best interests to develop practices that respect equal opportunities and employment rights through professionalized human resource services because: the workforce has become more feminised; the workforce is better educated, less deferential of authority and less likely to remain loyal; the workforce is required to be more flexible to meet new challenges quickly and effectively, but this need to change can be a source of insecurity; and automation has both empowered a greater percentage of the workforce and allowed the emergence of teleworking which fragments the old social orders of a single location workplace and generates greater freedom and flexibility in an ever increasing global workforce.

During the recruitment process, the employer and interviewee will discuss what they both can offer in the prospective relationship. If agreement is reached, most employers will impose a standard form contract, leaving the detail of the employee's duties to be clarified “on the job”. But some of the initial statements, no matter how informal and imprecise, may later be remembered as promises and give rise to expectations. Whether they are incorporated into the parallel psychological contract will depend on whether both parties believe that they should be treated as part of the relationship. The better organised employers are careful to document offers to reduce the risk of raising false expectations followed by disappointment.

As the Common Law states, the law implies duties requiring the employees to be loyal and trustworthy. These are imprecise in their definition and uncertain in much of their operation. But, in psychological terms, issues as to whether promises and expectations have been kept and met and whether the resulting arrangements are fair, are fundamental to the trust between the employee and the employer. The first year of employment is critical as actual performance by the employee can be measured against claims and promises made during the interview and the management has begun to establish a track record in its relationship with the employee at the supervisor and manager level. Feldhiem (1999) reflects these two strands by dividing the psychological contract into: transactional (this is the economic or monetary base with clear expectations that the organisation will fairly compensate the performance delivered and punish inadequate or inappropriate acts); and relational (this is a socio-emotional base that underlies expectations of shared ideals and values and respect and support in the interpersonal relationships).

The reality of employment rights and duties emerges through the interpersonal relationships formed in the workplace. How employers, supervisors and managers behave on a day-to-day basis is not determined by the legal contract. Employees slowly negotiate what they must do to satisfy their side of the bargain, and what they can expect in return. This negotiation is sometimes explicit, e.g. in appraisal or performance review sessions, but it more often takes the form of behavioural action and reaction through which the parties explore and draw the boundaries of mutual expectation. Hence, the psychological contract determines what the parties will or will not do and how it will be done. When the parties' expectations match each other, performance is likely to be good and satisfaction levels will be high. So long as the values and loyalty persist, trust and commitment will be maintained. The map followed by the parties is the development of an individualised career path that makes only reasonable demands on the employee, with adequate support from managers and co-workers, for a level of remuneration that is demonstrably fair for a person of that age, educational background and experience. Motivation and commitment will be enhanced if transfers and promotions follow the agreed path in a timely fashion.

If managed effectively, the relationship will foster mutual trust between the parties, matching the objectives and commitments of the organisation to those of their employees. But a negative psychological contract can result in employees becoming disenchanted, demotivated and resentful of authoritarianism within the organisation. This will result in an increasingly inefficient workforce whose objectives no longer correspond to the organisation they work for. The main cause of disappointment tends to be that middle managers are protective of their status and security in the eyes of their superiors, and this can introduce conflicts of interest when they are required to fulfil their obligations to their subordinates.

If those in power breach the psychological contract by not paying a fair rate or failing to make fair evaluations of performance or treating the employee with a lack of respect, it rapidly causes disillusionment, dissatisfaction and exit. This may arise shortly after the employee joins the company or after years of satisfactory service. The impact may be localised and contained, but if morale is more generally affected, the profitability of the organisation may be diminished. Further, if the activities of the organisation are perceived as being unjust or immoral, e.g. aggressive downsizing or outsourcing cause significant unemp­loyment, its public reputation and brand image may be damaged.