Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises. Ex . 17. Pronounce the following words with two stresses:

Ex. 17. Pronounce the following words with two stresses:

engineering [,endʒi'niəriɳ] - инженерное дело; технология; техника, машиностроение

application [,æpli'kei∫ən] - применение, использование

fabrication [,fæbri’kei∫ən] – производство

investigation [in,vesti’gei∫ən] - изучение, исследование

condensation [,kɔnden’sei∫ən] – уплотнение; конденсация

polymerization [,pɔlimərai'zei∫ən] - полимеризация

adaptability [ə,dæptə'biliti] - приспособляемость; переналаживаемость

uniformity [,ju:ni'fɔ:miti] - единообразие; однородность

inexpensive [,iniks’pensiv] - недорогой, дешёвый

semisynthetic [,semisin’Ɵetik] - полусинтетический

Ex. 18. Pay attention to the specific pronunciation of the names of some plastics, containing the prefix poly- at the beginning. Train the correct pronunciation.

polyethylene [,pɔli’eƟili:n] - полиэтилен

polypropylene [,pɔli'proupili:n] - полипропилен

polyvinyl-chloride [,pɔli'vainil 'klɔraid] - поливинилхлорид

polystyrene [,pɔli'stairi:n] - полистирол

polyester [,pɔli'estə] – полиэстер, сложный полиэфир

polyurethane [,pɔli'juərə,Ɵein] - полиуретан

polycarbonate [,pɔli'ka:bə,neit] - поликарбонат

Ex. 19. Translate the following word combinations (N+N):

Cp.: materials engineering ‘разработка материалов’ - engineering materials ‘конструкционные материалы’

brick building - building brick

mass concrete - concrete mass

commodity plastic - plastic commodity

engineering plastics - plastics engineering

Ex. 20. Translate the text using a dictionary. Pay attention to the italicized conversion words, like use, build/building, alloy etc.

Metal

Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as skyscrapers, or as an external surface covering. There are many types of metals used for building. Iron alloyed with various proportions of carbon gives low, mid and high carbon steels. Steels are the usual choice for metal structural building materials. They are strong, flexible, and if refined well or treated last a long time. Corrosion is metal’s prime enemy.

The lower density and better corrosion resistance of aluminium alloys and tin sometimes overcome their greater cost. Brass was more common in the past, but is usually restricted to specific uses today.

Metal figures quite prominently in prefabricated structures, and can be seen used in most cities. It requires a great deal of human labor to produce metal, especially in the large amounts needed for the building industries.

Other metals used include titanium, chrome, gold, silver. Titanium can be used for structural purposes, but it is much more expensive than steel. Chrome, gold, and silver are used as decoration, because these materials are expensive and lack structural qualities such as tensile strength or hardness.

Ex.21. Read text “Stone” and translate it sentence by sentence. Underline the adjectives and adverbs and say what comparative forms they are in.

Stone

Rock structures have existed for as long as history can recall. It is the longest lasting building material available, and is usually readily available. There are many types of rock throughout the world, all with differing attributes that make them better or worse for particular uses. Rock is a very dense material so it gives a lot of protection too, its main drawback as a material is its weight and awkwardness.

Dry-stone walls have been built for as long as humans have put one stone on top of another. Eventually different forms of mortar were used to hold the stones together. The most commonplace now is cement.

In early construction the type of stone used for a particular building largely depended on its geographical location. They transported stone across the country only for the most prestigious buildings. The most common stones are the ones that can be most easily quarried and cut. Sandstone and lime­stone are the two most popular materials, although flint, slate, granite and marble can also be used.

Granite is very hard, strong and durable. It is most common in basements, base courses, columns and steps and entire facades. Its colour may be gray, yellow, pink or deep red.

Marble is a crystalline stone chiefly used for decorative purposes. White and black marbles are used for or­namental decoration where the beauty of the marble is shown to its best advantage.

Stonework is not particularly common in modern construction in its traditional form. The cheapest type of wall is made from random rubble where stones of random shape and size are laid in a cement or lime mortar.

On more prestigious buildings it was common to find walls built in ashlar masonry. Ashlar, which is a style not a material, is stone cut with great accuracy and laid on very thin mortar joints. Because of its enormous expense it was normally only used as a facing material and required a structural backing in the form of brickwork or rubble.

The cheapest type of wall is made from random rubble where stones of random shape and size are laid in a cement or lime mortar.