Elements Activated in the Sentence

English	Ukrainian
he	він
used, come	приїздив
Pastlndef.,	минулий час
to	none
to	до
Italy, spring	Італія, весна
each	кожний
none	зазвичай
Common Case	род. відм.
none	род. відм.

Comparing the paradigm sets used to form the above English and Ukrainian sentences and paradigm elements activated in the syntagmas of these sentences one may easily note that both the sets used and the set elements activated are often different.

They are different because English and Ukrainian possess different language systems. It goes without saying, that this fact is very important for translation and explains many translation problems.

Any language has a particular multi-level organization: its ele­ments are organized in sets (paradigms) at various levels and a lan­guage speaker is using the elements of these sets to generate a mes­sage intended for communication with other speakers of this lan­guage and entirely incomprehensible for those who have no com­mand of this language.

The latter fact is easy to illustrate by a sentence in a language pre­sumably unfamiliar to the readers of this Manual. Consider Dutch sen­tence: Dat vat ik niet. One will understand it if he knows that:

ik is a Personal Pronoun, first person singular (English I);

vat is the first person singular of the verb vatten (English catch, get);

niet is the negation (English not, no);

dat is a Pronoun (English it, this).

Then being aware of the relevant English words (paradigm ele­ments) one may render this sentence in English as I do not get it.

From the above one may conclude that a language is a code under­stood only by its users (speakers)⁶. Then, may be, translation is a process of decoding a message in one code and encoding it in another which is understood by another group of users using a different code. However, this is the subject of the next lecture.

Література:

1. Комиссаров В.Н. Современное переводоведение. Учебное пособие. – М.: ЭТС. – 2002. – 424 с.

2. Комисарова В.Н., Кораллова А.Л. Практикум по переводу с английского языка на русский. - М., 1990.

3. Комиссаров В.Н. Лингвистика перевода. - М, 1981.

4. Корунець І.В. Теорія і практика перекладу. - Вінниця, 2003. - 448 с.

5. Мірам Г.Є. Дейнеко В.В. Основи перекладу. - К., 2003.

6. Мирам Г.Е. Переводныe картинки. Профессия: переводчик. - К., 2001.

7. Мирам Г.Е. Профессия: переводчик. - К., 1999.

8. Нелюбин Л.Л. Переводческий словарь. - М., 1999.

9. Федоров А.В. Основы общей теории перевода. - М., 1975.

Questions

1. What are the two main planes of a language? What is the relationship between them?

2. What levels are traditionally distinguished in a language? Give examples of the objects of each level.

3. What is a language paradigm? Give examples of lexico-semantic and grammatical paradigms.

4. What is syntagma? Give definition.

5. What is the language system? Give a definition.

6. What are the basic elements of the relationships between a language and extralinguistic world?

7. What is a language sign, a concept and a denotatum? Give definitions. Show the relation between them?

8. What is a lexical meaning, a connotation and an association? Give definitions and examples.

9. What is the range of application of a word? Give examples.

10. What are the main sources of translation ambiguity stemming from the sign-concept relationship?