Comparative Chart of Vowel Phonemes in Canadian English, General American and RP 5 страница

words are divided in writing or print, e.g. rang-ing, al-ien. They do not always coincide with phonetic syllables.

ORTHOGRAPHY /»'Bugrefi/ — the system of spelling rules,

OSCILLOGRAM /s'silsgram/ — a record made by an oscillograph or by
an oscilloscope.,,,. „.,«

OSCILLOGRAPH /o'silsgrasf/ — an instrument which makes it possible
to record speech in the form of graphs.,,.

OVERLAP /.suve'Isep/ - the term is connected with the phases of articu­
lation which partly coincide in the neighbouring sounds. The result of sucti
overlapping is partial or complete assimilation.... * i

OVERTONE /'suvstsun/ — one of the tones above the fundamental tone in a harmonic series. They are produced when only parts of the vi огашг mechanism oscillate.

P

PALATALIZATION /,pajletdai'zeijW — softening of consonants, which
results from the secondary place of articulation — front-secondary ipcus. 11
takes place when the middle part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate ana
the air passage is narrowed or constricted, which gives the consonant sou colour­
ing. All consonants, with the exception of medio-lingual, can be affected Dy
palatalization when they are followed by /I-, i, e or]/. Palatalization is phonemic
in the Russian language (compare: пыл — пыль). In the English language P^alal
talization is non-phonemic, and when it takes place in the articulation ot
sounds other than /1, J¹, 3, tf, cfc/ under the influence of the Russian language it
is a mistake..,...

PALATAL SOUND /'psektl 'saund/ — the sound that is connected with
the palate articulatorily..,

PALATE /'pasbt/ - the roof of the mouth, separating the mouth cavity from the nasal cavity. In articulatory phonetics it is divided into the Hard pai-ate, the soft palate with the uvula and the teethridge,

259»

PALATE ARTIFICIAL /'ра;Ы.ati'fij¹«!/ is made of metal or vulcanite for each experiments tor individually and corresponds exactly to the shape of bis palate. The underside of the artificial palate is sprinkled with some tine white powder and then carefully fitted into the mouth, after this a sound is articulated. During this process some-of the powder is licked off ai the points of the tongue — palate contacts. After this the artificial palate is removed and carefully examind.

PALATO-ALVEOLAR CONSONANTS /'pal stsu'al vials 'kionsanants/— the consonants articulated by the tip of the tongue raised against the teethridge (there is a narrowing between them) and the middle part of the tongue which is -simultaneously raised to the hard palate, Palato-alveolar consonants are / J, 3/-

PALATOORAMS ЛраеШэцдгаатг/ — the drawings of the tongue — pal­ate contacts.

PARENTHESIS /pa'ren9asrs/ — a word,.phrase or sentence usually hav­ing its own complete meaning, inserted into a sentence which is grammati­cally complete without this insertion, and marked off from it by punctuation. For example: "I shall not go there," he replied. "I ask you," she demanded, "to go there immediately." In speech it is expressed by lowering the pitch of the voice.

PARENTHETIC /,раггэп'8еШ — constituting a parenthesis, containing a parenthesis.

PARTIAL TONES /'ра\Гэ1 'taunz/ — partial waves which result from the vibrations of the parts of the vibrating body are perceived as partial tones, or overtones, or harmonics.

PARTIAL WAVES /'parjal 'weivz/ — waves produced by the vibrations of the parts of the physical body. Most sound waves are complex: they consist of the fundamental and partial waves. The sound waves produced by the vibra­tion of the whole body are called fundamental.

0 PASSAGE FOR THE AIR STREAM /'p»sid3 f? 81 'ее 'strbm/ — the way through which the ■flow of air goes out of the mouth or nasal cavity.

PASSIVE ORGANS OF SPEECH /'psesiv 'wganz av 'spfctf/ — the organs that are either constantly immovable, such as the hard palate and the upper teeth, or such that are fixed but can be movable, for example, the back part of the tongue in the articulation of /r/ is fixed and in /k, g/ it is active and moving to the soft palate, with which it forms a complete obstruction.

PAUSE /pas/ — a short period of time when sound stops before starting again. Pauses are non-obligatory between sense-groups and obligatory between sentences.

PEAKS OF PROMINENCE /'pfcks av 'prpmmans/ — the points oJ maximal acoustic activity of tone.

PECULIARITY /pi,kj№li'ffinti/ — a feature which characterizes some pho­netic phenomenon.

PENULTIMATE /pi'iultrmit/ - the last but one syllable.

PERCEPTIBILITY /p9,sepU'bihti/ — in phonetics it is usually connect­ed with hearing.

PERIODICITY /,ptana'disitr/ — the quality or fact of recurring at con­stant intervals.

PHARYNGAL(-GEAL) /fa'nnggl, ^азпп'ОзЫ/ — connected with the pharynx.

PHARYNGOSCOPE /f a'rrngasksup/—the apparatus which is used for the observation of the pharyngaf cavity,

PHARYNX /'fzennks/ —.the cavity between the mouth and the oesoph­agus communicating with the nasal passages and ears.

PHASES OF ARTICULATION /'feiziz av as,tikju'leijen/ - three phases in the articulation of a single sound: initial, medial (or central), and final, Theyfmay be called differently: excursion, stop stage and recursion.

PHONATE /f3{u)'neit/ — to pronounce outloud with the vocal cords vibrating and producing voice.

PHONEMATIC /,faunl:'mastik/ —< possessing functional properties.

PHONEME /'fatinlim/ — the shortest functional unit of a language. Each

phoneme exists in speech in the form of mutually non-distinctive speech sounds, its allophones. Each speech sound is an allophone oJ some phoneme.

PHONEMIC COMPONENT /fsu'niimik kam'paunant/ — this component of the phonetic structure manifests itselS in the system of separate phonemes and their allophones.

PHONEMIC TRANSCRIPTION /fau'nfcmik trsens'kripJan/ — this type of transcription is based on the principle "one symbol per phoneme". A phoneme is reflected in this transcription as an abstraction and generalization. The sym­bols of a phonemic transcription are placed within two slanting lines / /.

PHONETIC PRINCIPLE OF ORTHOGRAPHY /feu'netik 'prmsapl av 3!'9Dgrafi/ is a one-to-one correspondence: one grapheme corresponds to one phoneme, or sequence of phonemes. This principle is realized in phonemic tran­scription.

PHONETIC SUBSYSTEM /feu'netik sab'sistim/ — the speech sounds which occur in interjections and borrowed words, e.g. nasalized vowels pro­nounced in some words borrowed from French,

PHONETIC SYSTEM /fau'netik 'sistim/— a systemic combination of iive components of the language, i.e. the system oi segmental phonemes, the phonemic component, the syllabic component, the accentual component, in­tonation.

PHONETICS /fsu'netiks/ — the science that studies the sound matter of the language, its semantic functions and the lines of development.

PHONIC /'faunik/ — acoustic, connected with voice or sounds.

PHONOGRAPH /'faunsgrarf/ — а machine invented by Edison for record­ing and reproducing sounds (1877).

PHONOLOGICAL MISTAKES 7,fauna'Iud3ik{9)l mis'teiks/— mistakes connected with the alteration of the meaning of words, which prevent communi­cation. For example, mispronunciation of /9/ may lead to the confusion of thought — fought, think — sink, mouth — mouse, etc.

PHONOLOGICAL OPPOSITION /»feuns'lodgikal,ирэ'гфэп/ - a pair of words in which any one phoneme is usually opposed to'any other phoneme in at least one lexical or grammatical minimal or subminimal pair, e.g. /t — d/, /k — g/ in ten — den, coat — goat.

PHONOLOGY /fö'nolad3i/ — the science that deals with phonemes and their sequences. It is functional phonetics since it investigates the functional side of phonemes, accent, syllable, and intonation.

PITCH /pitf/ — the degree of highness or lowness varying with the number of vibrations of a note. V. A. Vassilyev defines it as "perception of the frequency of repeated¹ pressures on the ear-drum".

PLACE OF ARTICULATION /'plets av a,tikju'teijW — the place, wiiHie a complete or incomplete obstruction is formed in the articulation oi consonants,

PLOSION /'р1эизэп/ — an abrupt separation of speech organs at the place of articulation.

PLOSIVE CONSONANTS /'plausiv 'konsanants/ - the consonants that are articulated by forming a complete obstruction which bars the flow oi air sent from the lungs through the mouth or nasal cavity. The organs of speecti that form the obstruction produce a kind of explosion on their abrupt separation. Plosive consonants are /p, b, t, d, k, g, m, n, n/. See PURE PLOSIVES.

POINT OF ARTICULATION /'point av cujtrikju'leifan/— this term te used by Ameriean^linguists instead of the term "fixed or passive speech organs.

POSITIONAL ALLOPHONES /pa'zifanl 'telafaunz/ — variants of a pho­neme which are used in definite positions due to the tradition of a language pronunciation, e.g. dark and light /I/.

POST-ALVEOLAR CONSONANTS /'paust ' sei v] als 'konsanantsl' - con­sonants that are articulated by the tip of the tongue which moves behind tne back slope of the teethridge, as, for example /t/ — /d/ in the words tree — ary.

POST-CONSONANTAL SOUND/poust_#kt»nee'nenU 'saund/ - the sound which follows a consonant.

POST-POSITION /'paustpa'zi/an/ — the position of some phonetic ele­ment after a word; when unstressed, this element may be termed enclitic after a stressed word.

POST-TONIC STRESS /'psust'timik 'stres/ — tertiary stress is defined as post-tonic, e.g. /kan'grsetjuleit/.

PRACTICAL PHONETICS /'ргакикэ! fau'netiks/ — teaching to pro­nounce sounds correctly.

PRE-DORSAL CONSONANTS /'prfc'dosl 'ktmssnants/ — this term is connected with the term "dorsum". Pre-dorsal consonants are articulated by the blade and the tip of the tongue, e.g. Is, z/.

PRE-TON 1С STRESS /'prfc'txmik 'stres/ — secondary stress is defind as pre-tonic; /,83tu'meiten/.

PRE-VOCAL /'pri'vauksl/— a consonant that stands before a vowel.

PRIMARY PHONEMES /'praiman 'fauntmz/ — the term is used by those scientists who consider phonemes proper "primary" distinctive «nits and open transition /+/, stresses /' "» "/, pitches /1234/, clause terminals /-* / \/ are viewed by them as "secondary" distinctive units.

PRIMARY STRESS /'praiman 'stres/ — the stress which is the strongest compared with the other stresses used in a word.

PRINCIPAL ALLOPHONE /(typical) /'pnnsipal 'aslaufeun/ — that variant of a phoneme which is considered to be free from the influence of the-neighbouring sounds.

PROCLITIC /pra(u)'khtik/ — a monosyllabic word or particle with no> accent of its own, which is pronounced with the following pre-tonic or accented syllable as one phonetic unit. For example, articles before nouns, the particle to before verbs in the infinitive, or cases like forgive lis'aiv/, begin /bi'gin/.

PROGRESSIVE ASSIMILATION /pra'gresiv s,sim/leij9n/ — the pro­cess when the iirst of the two neighbouring sounds influences the second and makes it similar to itself. For example, the pronunciation of the suffix -ей о£ regular verbs is based on progressive voicing and devoicing: it is pronounced /t/after voiceless consonants (except /t/, /d/), after vowels and voiced conso­nants (except /d/), /id/ after /t/, /d/: dropped /drupt/, remained /n'memd/, ex­tended /iks'tendio/.

PROMINENCE/'prummans/ — singling out acoustically, which produces, the effect of greater loudness.

PRONOUNCE /pra'nauns/ — to articulate.

PROSODIC FEATURES OF THE SENTENCE /pra'stidiJc 'fiitfsz sv Ö» 'sentans/ — they are: speech melody, the pitch (fundamental frequency), ac­cent, tempo, rhythm and pausation, tamber; they constitute intonation in the broad sense — prosodation or prosodization.

PROTRUDE /pra'imd/ — to move forward. In phonetics this term is-connected with the protrusion of the lips.

PUFF /pAf/ — a short light gust of air blown out of the mouth cavity.

PULSATION /pAl'seiJan/ — regularly recurring beats. In speech they are connected with acoustic prominence.

PURE PLOSIVES /'pjU9 'ptsusivz/ — voiced and voiceless occlusive con­sonants pronounced with distinct and quick separation of the obstruction; they are: /p, b, t, d, k, o/. Lax separation of the articulating organs results-in affricated plosion which characterizes indistinct colloquial speech and dia­lects.

PURELY DISTRIBUTIONAL METHOD /'pjueh _#distri'bjisjenl 'meGsd^ is based on the fact that it is possible to establish the phonemic status of any-sound of a given language without knowing the meaning of words, on the know­ledge of the distribution of the sounds.

Q

QUALITATIVE /'kwnhietiv/ — connected with the tamber of the sound,, that is with its spectral characteristics.

QUANTITATIVE /'kwuntitetiv/ - referring to the length of the sound, i.e., its positional and phonemic length.

QUASI-HOMONYMS /'kwcuzi'tiDtnanimz/ — tnis is L. V. Shcherba's term whan hs speaks of ths mambers of a minima! pair, which are almost homo-.tiyras, near-homonyms.

QUESTION /'kwestjW — the communicative type of a sentence in which ■doubt, supposition or want of some information is expressed in the form of a ■question: interrogative, alternative, general, or special.

R

RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION /n'stvd pra,nAnsi'eijW — the type of pronunciation which is the most widely understood one in England and in ■English-speaking countries. It is the teaching norm in England and in most «countries where English is taught as a foreign language including the Soviet Union.

RECESSIVE STRESS /n'sesiv 'stres/ — stress that falls on the first syl­lable or the root of the word if it is preceded by a prefix that has lost its mean­ing, e.g. 'import, be'fore.

RECESSIVE TENDENCY /n'sesiv 'tendsnsi/ — the tendency which con­sists in gradual shifting of word accent to the first syllable (which is usually the joot of the word).

RECIPROCAL ASSIMILATION /n'sipraksl 8,sitni'leijan/ - bilateral.assimilation, when the neighbouring sounds are equally affected by assimila­tion. For example, in the word twice ill is labialized under the influence of /w/, and /w/ in its turn is de voiced under the influence of It/.

RECITE /ri'sait/ — to repeat outloud something memorized, especially before an audience. In studying a foreign language recitation plays a very im­portant role.

RECORD PLAYER /'reload,pleig/ — an instrument for playing gramo­phone records by means of a pick-up and one or more amplifiers.

REDUCE /n'djuis/ — to make smaller or less. For example, to reduce the intensity of a sound, to reduce the quantity of a sound.

REDUCED FORM /n'djicst 'fo:m/ — a word, which sounds weaker in the ■process of speech. Thus the verb to do can be reduced and pronounced as /du, сэ/ or even /d/. The same can be said about the verb to have /hav, av, v/. Arti­cles, conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns are mostly affected by reduction.

REGRESSIVE ASSIMILATION /n'gresiv a,simi'leijon/ - the process -when the second of the neighbouring sounds influences the first one and makes it similar to itself. For example, in the combination In the /n/ is regressive I y assimilated by /6/ and becomes dental and is pronounced with the tip of the "tongue against the upper teeth (its free variant is pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the teethridge).

RESONANT /'reznant/ — the term is used by H. Gleason for vowels and sonorous consonants,

RETENTION /n'ten/эп/ — the ability to preserve the most stable pro­perties in spite of assimilation or reduction.

RETENTIVE TENDENCY /n'tentiv 'tendonsi/ — this tendency is char­
acterized by the retention of accent in the derivative on the same syllable on
■which it falls in the parent word, e.g. 'simitar, as'similate.,

RETRACTED POSITION /n'treektid pa'ztW — the position of the
bulk of the tongue when it is in the front or in the back part of the mouth cavity
but a bit retracted in the horizontal direction, forward — back-advanced, or
backward — front-retracted: /u, i/.,,

RETROFLEXED VOWELS /'retra(u)flekst 'vauaiz/ — the vowels that are articulated by the tip of the tongue curled back behind the back slope of the teethridge irrespective of the articulation of the vowel itself: this results in a special tembral colouring of the retroflexed vowel, e.g. American ftl.

RHYME /raim/ — the repetition of identical or similar terminal sounds, sound combinations or words.

RHYTHM /nöra/ — "rhythm is a flow, movement, procedure, etc., char-acterized by basically regular recurrence of elements or features, as beat, or accent, in alternation with op posite or different elements or features" (Webster s New World Dictionary). Rhythm in speech is the periodic recurrence of stressed

syllables. Rhythm exists both in prose and in \erse. It can be regarded as one of the forms in which a language exists.

RHYTHMIC STRESS /'nömik 'stres/ — the term refers to the cases when there are equal number of unstressed syllables between two beats. For example, 'telt them to 'go there at 'once.

RHYTHMIC TENDENCY /'riÖmik 'tendensi/ — the tendency to alter­nate stressed and unstressed syllables. This tendency gave rise to the origin of the secondary stress, especially in four-syllable words of foreign origin. For example, explanation /.ekspla'neijW, conversation /,I«mva'sei,fsn/.

ROLLED CONSONANTS /'rauld 'kimsansnts/ — such consonants are pronounced when the tip of the tongue (or the uvula) vibrates in the How of air and interrupts it repeatedly, so that the flow of air is momentarily obstructed by the vibrating organ (or organs). The Russian sonant /p/ is a rolled consonant,

ROMAN ALPHABET freumen 'aelfebit/— Latin alphabet.

ROMIC /'rgumik/ — the term is used in connection with the use of Latin letters, for symbols of phonetic transcription.

R ONT G E NO GRAM /rant' gen sgraem/ — a photograph made with the help of X-rays. Rontgenograms help to observe directly the ^ork of speech organs in the process of speech.

» ROOF OF THE MOUTH /'ru-f ev 6э 'mau0/^ for purposes of consonant analysis and description it is conventionally divided into: 1. the gums; 2. the teethridge; 3. the back slope of the alveolar ridge; 4. the soft palate (velum) 5. the uvula,

• RULES OF READING /'mlz ev 'rfcdirj/ — the system of rules dealing with the correspondencies between the reading matter of the language and its pro» nunciation.

SAGITTAL /'saufcitl/ — the sagittal division of the articulatory apparatus into right and left halves makes it possible to represent the position of speech-organs in the production of sounds.

SANDHI /'saaidhli/ — the term is connected with different modifications of the sound, caused by assimilation.

SCALE /skeil/ — the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables о a syntactic whole.

SCALE OF SONORITY /'skeil av ss'nvntif — the arrangement of pho­nemes according to their degree of loudness. According to this scale the most so­norous are front low vowels, then go sonants and voiced consonants. Voiceless-consonants are characterized byl minimal sonority, y-

SCHWA VOWEL /'Jwcu 'vauel/ — the neutral vowel Ы.

SECONDARY ACCENT /'seksndgri 'aekssnt/ — this type of accent ap­pears in words of five or more syllables. It falls on the'second pretonic syllable, e.g. ,hospi'tality,

SEGMENT /'segment/ — in phonetics it is the shortest part of speech continuum — a sound or a phoneme.

SEGMENTAL PHONEME /seg'mentl 'fsimian/ — the shortest part of speech continuum that is capablejof differentiating words.

SEMANTIC FUNCTION /si'msentik 'fAnkJen/ — in phonetics the term is used in connection with the differentjatory function (semantic role) of pho­netic means,

SEMANTIC TENDENCY /si'msentik 'tencEensi/— according to this type of tendency words with separable prefixes and compound words have two equal­ly strong stresses, e.g. 'tin'known, 'sit 'down, ' twenty-one^ 'eye-witness.

SEMI-VOWELS /'semi'vauslz/ — the term is almost out of use nowadaysv It refers to /j, w, r/,

SEMI-WEAK VOWELS /'semi'wtk 'vauelz/ - the vowels weaker in tam­ber which is the result of qualitative reduction: intermediate between full and¹ neutral phonation of the vowel.

SENSE-GROUP /'sensgrup/ — a word or a group of words that conveys some idea.

SENTENCE ACCENT /'sentsns 'sfcsant/ — a constituent part of the pho­
netic structure of the spoken sentence and one of the components of intonation
In the broad sense of the term (see PROSODATION). „,•„„«

SENTENCE STRESS /'sentans 'stres/ — the greater degree of prominence given to certaitfwords in a sentence. These words are usually nouns, adjeciyes, notional verbs and>dverf», interjections, numerals, demonstrative, possessive, emphasizing pronouns, interrogative words and two-syllable prepositions Ar­ticles, partfcles to and there, auxiliary, modal, and connective verbs, personal reflexive and reciprocal pronouns, one-syllable: prepositions, conjunctionsand conjunctive words - are, as a rule, unstressed. The distribution of sentence stress is determined by the semantic factor.

SHADE /Jeid/ — a slight variation.,

SHAPE /Jeip/ — form, the shape of the mouth cavity, the shape, formed by the lips.

SHARP /j"cup/— strong and shrill. i,,._moii_Br

SHORT VOWELS /'Jat 'vaualz/ - the vowels having a relatively smaller length, or quantity in comparison with the long vowels {other conditions re­maining the same). Short English III and /u/ differ from the long HI and /u/

^alS° SIBILANTS /'sibilants/- the sounds of a whistling or hissing nature.
In English sibilants are Is, z, J", 3/.,,,,,. _bllf „1 _nm

SILENT LETTERS /'sadaot 'let«/ - letters that are spelt but not pro-

n0UtSILENT STOP/'sailant 'stop/ - the medial stage in /p, t, Id «JJ that is characterized by the "loss of plosion" in cases like: past perfect, board, eight days. SIMILARITY /'swii'lfflnti/— likeness.. SINGLE STRESS /'sing! 'stres/ - only one stress in awora. SINGLE TAP It/ /'sirjgl 'tap 'r/ - pronounced with the single beat of the tip of the tongue against the teethridge. -„^„Hnna! mis- SLIP OF THE TONGUE /'slip sv бэ 'W — a small unintentional mis take. SLIT /sht/ — a flat narrowing.... n i_ • SLOPE /sleup/ - an incline. The back slope of the teethridge - an in cline at the back part of the teethridge., „ chnWha1« SLOW STYLE/'slau 'stall/- corresponds to Acad. L. V. Shcherba s cSnSONANTS /'swft 'kunsanants/ — palatalized /' / th bk ft t f t

cSnNNTS /swft kunsanants/ palatal ^

*SOFT PALATE /'st)ft 'palit/ - the back, soft part of the hardIt'alate-.

SONOR ANTS /se'narwrts/ - the sounds in the production of which voice prevails over noise. Sonorants in English are /m» n, rj, I» J> ^w> ^r/*

SONORITY /sa'nonti/ — a degree of loudness. _{д d}

SOUND /saund/ - a material unit, produced by speech organs. A souna
can be viewed from the articulatory, acoustic, auditory^.and functional pomw
■of view,., ._{h a}i

SOUND SPECTROGRAPH /'saund 'spektr₉grcuf/_T an apparatus tnai is used in phonetics for purposes of spectrographic analysis pf ^sP^ee^_e^"_tra a spectrogram it is possible to see different configuration of the *°vreu specif. Different vowels have different arrangement of formants on the ^sP^ec"°f^'.*

SOUTHERN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION /'элоэп 'inglij ргэ,плпы ^feij3n/ see RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION, or RP.

SPECIAL QUESTION /'spejsl 'kwestjsn/ — the type of a 4t«sHoii begins with the interrogative words who, what, where, why, etc.,»Д information required. Special questions may refer to any part of the They are pronounced with the falling tone.

SPEECH MELODY /'spMJ 'irieledi/ - variations in the pitch of the voice in connected speech.

SPIRANT /'spaierent/ see FRICATIVE. ■

SPREAD LIP POSITION /'spred 'lip рэ'яJen/ - the pos^.[on when tne corners of the lips are widened in the horizontal direction, the teeth are siignuy

visible, and the lips come close to the gums. This position of the lips can be ob­served in the articulation of Ы.

STABILITY OF ARTICULATION /sta'biliti ev o=,tikju'leijW is the-state when the shape, volume and orifice-size of the mouth resonator are stable. According to the stability of articulation English vowels are divided into: monophthongs, diphthongs and diphthongoids.

STATISTICAL METHOD /sta'tistikal 'meOsd/ — the method which-, helps to establish frequency, probability and predictability oi occurrence of phonemes and their allophones in different positions.

STAVES /steivz/ — two parallel lines for intonation recording {by means-of special symbols).

STRESS or ACCENT is a greater degree of prominence which is effected! mainly by pronouncing the stressed syllable (a) on a different pitch or with & change of pitch direction in it; (b) with greater force of exhalation and greater muscular tension. The greater force of articulation is accompanied by an increase-in the length of the sound in the stressed syllable, especially vowels. Vowels in the stressed syllables are not reduced.

STRONG FORMS /'stn>n 'famz/ — the forms that can be observed in ac­cented words.

STRONG VOWELS IN WEAK POSITIONS /'strun 'vaualz in 'Wr.k pa-'zijenz/ — vowels the quantity of which is not reduced in unstressed positions. For example, Ы in blackboard /'blsekbwd/, /se/ in climax /'klaimaks/.

STRUCTURALISTS /'strAktfaralrsts/ — those scientists who analyse phonetic phenomena without recourse to meaning, which they consider to be external to linguistics (R. Jacobson, L. Bloomfield, L. Hjelmsley, E. Nida). Structuralists consider the sound structure as a system of relations between! phonemes. They carry out the investigation of the phonetic structure without recourse to history and' to the material aspect of phonemes, which are realizedl as distinctive units in words, phrases and sentences. All this makes their de­tailed analysis of phonemes abstract and schematic.

STYLES OF PRONUNCIATION ■ /'stailz av pr_9/nAnsi'eiJan/ — L. V. Shcherba suggested two types of style in pronunciation: full style and col­loquial style. According to D. Jones, there are the following varieties of style: rapid familiar style, slower colloquial style, slow conversational style, natural style, acquired style, formal style.

SUB-PHONEMIC VARIANTS /'sAbfs(uyntmik 'variants/ see SUBSI­DIARY MEMBERS.

SUBSIDIARY MEMBERS (allophones) /ssb'sidjsn 'membsz/ — variants-of phonemes that appear under the influence of the neighbouring phonemes with which they are in complementary distribution. They are subdivided into I. combinatory and 2. positional.

SUBSTITUTION METHOD /,SAbsli'tju;.fan 'me6sd/ — the method of replacing of one speech sound by another in the same position to see whether it results in a minimal pair, e.g. pen, ten, den.

SYLLABEME /'silabtm/ — a unit which is responsible for a few minimal and sub-minimal pairs, e.g. lightening — lightning differ only due to /n/ syl-labicity in the first word.

SYLLABIC /si'laebik/ — capable of forming a syllable.

SYLLABIC SOUNDS /si'isebib 'saundz/ — sounds that can form the peaks of prominence, they are vowels and sonants other than /i, w/.

SYLLABICATE /si'laebikeit/ — to divide into, syllables.

SYLLABLE /'silabl/ — shortest segment of speech continuum. Syllables are material carriers of words. They constitute words and their forms, phrases and sentences. According to J. Kenyon the syllable is one or more speech sounds, forming a single uninterrupted unit of utterance, which may be a word, or a commonly recognized and separable subdivision of a word.

SYLLABLE DIVISION /'silgbl di'vi3an/ - division of the word into

arcs of articulatory effort" (N. I. Zhinkin's theory). A strong-end consonant

begins the arc of loudness and a weak-end consonant terminates it. Compare

day, aid; in the first word /d/ constitutes the beginning of the arc of loudness,