Comparative Chart of Vowel Phonemes in Canadian English, General American and RP 3 страница

«т/л/рбн ст/л/лй /д'и^е/р£вня

б/л/рбдка дв/л/рбв /в'и^е/сёлье

Control Tasks p. 197

1. llaätjkfc, simlphstti, Iprautest, Iskailik, paniOten, Ibuldug, lautda: (damtgrum, Imtu, Imildju:, IwudkAt, lhatbam, IhAmpbsk, Ihaiwei, Isimplifai 4 haibrau, Iktmvoi, Irembau, Iremkaut, Undswea, tomatjua

4, Ээ Igcudian Injuspeipar | izfeimas far its misprints l| wai 13saz i:vn э Igadian ■imisprmt | pralza:vd in Ibras fa prlstenti | злт ]э:г эГдэи | Bfi= el vinau Iwam ba | dalsaidid ta Iput лр a Iplaak | m innar av Iftiip haup Iwnhs | its moust JfeiÖf| l ip iprobabh Iwitnst halbitjuei j| ^ Isau Imenjnn) iz lemmens эг э Iwit | ■Irsekanlts: j tq Ikntik i it waz Idjirii ipleist J э1Ьлу iz ljugual!stt т>п пэ lwo:l | эп lld et э lsmo:l IritfualJ ai daunt IwBnt э sta At)lgreitf| sed 9a relsipiant | at it fkbusli j bat öez aunlr liwin el in filip ] p Jju:v put in JtiK || lhau t bi: l Igaspt 9э Imsenid3mant [| wi wa lkeaf| ta I tfek wt0 9a Igadian ||

GLOSSARY OF PHONETIC TERMS

ACCENT /'ffikssnt/ is stress and pitch combined. If a stress occurs in the stepping head without a downward step in pitch, the word concerned is not accented. Stress in such words is usually weakened because there is no change of pitch accompanying them. See STRESS.

ACCENTEME /' ajksentfcm/. The distinctive function makes word accent a separate suprasegmental, or prosodic phonological unit, e.g. primary and weak word accentemes perform word distinctive functions in English: 'billow, be'low, in Russian: мука, му~ка. It also performs form-distinctive functions in Englishr 'import — to im'port, and in Russian: руки (pi), руки (genitive).

ACCENTUAL NUCLEUS /a5k'sentju₃l 'njtrkhss/— that syllable in the word which is effected by a change in pitch direction.

ACCIDENCE/'eksidens/— grammatical rules about the changes in the form of words connected with different modifications of their sound nature. For example: foot — feet, have — has — had.

ACCOMMODATION /e,kuma'deijen/ — adaptation to different adjacent sounds, e.g. in /tut/ /t/ is labialized under the influence of /и/ and Ы1 is a little bit advanced under the influence of /t/.

ACCURACY OF PRONUNCIATION /'aekjurasi av pre,nAnsi'eiJan/ - cor-rect and distinct pronunciation.

_ ACOUSTIC PHONETICS /a'kuistik fau'netiks/ — a branch of phonetics which deals with physical properties of sounds.

ADJACENT SOUNDS /a'^eisant 'saundz/ — sounds that follow each other.

AFFRICATES /'tefnkits/ — the sounds formed during the separation of the articulating organs: in their articulation the complete closure gradually and uninterruptedly opens into a flat-slit narrowing: /tf, ä^U

ALLOCHRONES /'telekraunz/ — quantitative variants of a phoneme-The term is used by D. Jones and other foreign phoneticians.

ALLOPHONES /'selafaunz/ — qualitative variants or members of one and the same phoneme, which never occur in identical positions, but are said to be m complementary distribution.

ALLOPHONIC TRANSCRIPTION imWtvmk trens'knpjenl - this type of transcription is based on the principle "one symbol per allophone". Tin* transcription provides a special sign for each variant of each phoneme. A pho-2TvJ^{S reü}?f^teä ⁱⁿ.^th?^s transcription as a unity of all its allophones. The sym-ets [1 ^{аП allophomc trans}cription are usually placed between square brack-

th, ™S*^NAT^I0N* ?^{F S0U}NDS tfllWiuaSm ev 'saundz/ - changes oj fЙА Ä^{m fferent denvat}>ves from the same root or in different grammatical

ALVEOlK ftffl P p the JppeTterth! /el'viele 'ri-dsen/ - bow-lifie prominence ^V'^T1 *"#• or ALVEOLI /el'vielai/ - depressions in the 8/оске* tbe upper teeth. !

aEatn^Ha,-' Vⁿckm-lltr^rVhS °^{f the Same mOrP}
the &YSW ^C0NS,9NANTS Ä8Ä. 'bns₃nants/ - articulated by
for exallS /t _d^gUs' }^{hIch makeS a com}Plete obstruction with the alveoles,
ALVEOlK ftffl™¹⁸ 'P«nt/ - the central point of the upper №
JppeTterth! /el'viele 'ri-dsen/ - bow-lifie prominence behind

S^^issegi™** "—* ^A"" "^ne"^liti

ARTICULATORY PHONETICS /o/tikjtiteitan fsu'netiks/ — the de­scription and classification of speech sounds articulated by the speech apparatus,

ASPECTS OF A PHONEME /'jespakts sv э 'faunfcm/: a phoneme is a dia­
lectical unity of three aspects: I. material, real and objective; 2. abstractional
and generalized; 3. functional...... _л

ASPIRATION /,sespi'reijW - a slight puff of breath which is beard after the explosion of /p, t, k/ in initial position.

ASSIMILATION /9,simi'leiy9n/ — the result of adaptation of one sound to another. It can be progressive, regressive or reciprocal. Most commonly the sounds which undergo assimilation are immediately adjacent in the stream oh speech. For example in сдал Id is voiced under the influence of Ы; in hotse.-shoe Is/ is pronounced as /j/ under the influence of Ц1 which follows it,

ATTITUDTNAL FUNCTION /, eeti'tjudinl 'fArjkjW — this function fs" performed by intonation when the speaker expresses his attitude to what he is saying by intonation alone.

В

BACK-/bask/— the term is used in phonetics to characterize the vowels, which are formed with the bulk of the tongue in the back part of the mouth cavity, when it is raised towards the junction between the hard and the soft parts of the palate; back vowels are: /u-, v, o:/ and the nuclei of the diphthongs /oi, ээ/.

BACK ADVANCED VOWELS /'bak ad'vcwist 'vauslz/ - the term char-acterizes vowels, which are formed with the back-advanced position of the bulk of the tongue: /u, at, л/ and the nuclei of the diphthongs /эй, иэ/.

BACK SECONDARY FOCUS /'bask 'sekenden 'fsukes/ - it is formed by raising the back part of the tongue towards the soft palate (velarisation); e.g. /w/ and "dark" [1] are pronounced with the back secondary foci.

BICENTRAL /bai'sentral/ — formed with two places of articulation,

BICENTRAL CONSONANTS /bai'sentrsl 'kunsötlents/ — consonants ar­ticulated with two centres of complete or incomplete obstruction: /w, I, j> 3i tS, аз/. E.g. English "dark" [1] is bicentrai, because one place, or centre of articu­lation is formed by the sides (or one side) of the tongue, which are lowered. The other centre of articulation is formed by the back of the tongue raised to the soft palate, which produces the effect of "hardness".

BILABIAL /bai'leibial/ — articulated by the upper and the lower hp. Bilabial consonants are: /p, w, b, ml.

BLOCK [bluk/ — to prevent the air from flowing out of the mouth cavity when the soft paiate is lowered and the air passes out of the nasal cavity. The air passage through the mouth cavity is blocked in the articulation of /m, n/.

BLOW /blau/ — to'direct the air from the mouth or nasal cavity.

BODY /'b-odi/ - the whole.

BODY OF THE TONGUE /'budi sv 5a 'Urj/ — the whole of it.

BREATH /breOA— the process of blowing the air out of the mouth or nasal cavity through the bronchi and the wind-pipe, or blowing it into the lungs,

BRONCHI /'brarjkai/ — two main divisions of the trachea, leading into the lungs,

BULK /bilk/ see BODY.

С

CACUMINAL /b'kju-mmsl/ — articulated by the tip and the blade of the tongue raised against the back slope of the teethridge. Ivl is.a cacuminal sound.

CARDINALS /'ka-draelz/ — an international standard set of artificial vowel sounds which, according to D. Jones, can be produced with the bulk of the tongue at the four cardinal points in the front part of the mouth cavity and at the four cardinal points in the back part of the mouth cavity.

CARRYING POWER /'каггид 'раиэ/— inherent properties of sounds connected with their sonority, which are due to their individual articulatory and acoustic characteristics.

CENTRAL VOWELS /'sentral 'vauslz/ — vowels formed by the central part oi the tongue; a central high vowel is the Russian vowel /ы/ and a central low vowel is the Russian vowel /a/.

CENTRING DIPHTHONGS /'sentnrj 'difGDrjz/ ha, еэ, эе, иэ/ — falling diphthongs, which glide to hi which is considered to be "central". Russian phoneticians refer hi to mixed vowels.

CHECKED VOWELS /'tfekt 'vaualz/ — short stressed vowels pronounced without any decrease in the force of articulation and immediately followed by consonants, e.g. hi in the word city.

CHEEKS /tffcks/ - sides <A the mouth cavity.

CHRONEME /'krauntm/ — a unit, which shows that length is phonem-icaliy relevant (there are three chronemes in the Estonian language and only one in English and in Russian}.

CLASSIFICATION /,klassifi'keifan/ — the method which studies common properties of the investigated phenomena and which is used to arrange them systematically.

. CLASSIFY /'klaesrfai/ — to arrange the common properties of (phonetic) phenomena according to their typical characteristics.

CLAUSE TERMINAL /'kbas Чз:ттэЦ — this term is used by American descriptivists. According to H. A, Gleason there are three clause terminals in English: fading /\/, rising I/I, sustained /-*-/.

CLEAR SOUND /'klia 'saund/ — the sound which is made softer due to additional articulatory work, E.g, the raising of the middle part of the tongue to the hard palate (front secondary focus) "softens", or clears III in initial posi­tion, compare: lily, light and bill, hilt.

CLOSE NEXUS /'klaus 'neksas/ — close connection between a short checked vowel and a consonant which follows it. For example: /i+t/ in the word city.

CLOSE TRANSITION /'klaus trsn'si3an/ — articulation of two neigh­bouring sounds when the first stage of the second sound takes place already during the medial stage of the first sound, e.g. palatalization in the Russian word пил, labialization in the word two /tu:/.

COALESCENT /,keus'lesnt/ — bilateral assimilation of two sounds when in the result they give a new sound. For example: /s/ + /j7 -+ISI in mission /'misjen/ -+ /'mijW.

COMBINATORY ALLOPHONES /kam'birotan ' ffllaufsunz/ — variants of a phoneme which appear in speech as a result of assimilation and adaptation or of the specific ways of joining sounds together.

COMMUNICATIVE CENTRE /ka'mjurmketiv 'sentg/ — a word or a group of words which conveys the most important point of communication in the sense-group or sentence,

COMMUNICATIVE TYPES /ka'mjmnikativ 'taips/ - the types of sen­tences which are differentiated according to the type of intonation. V. A. Vas-silyev gives the following communicative types: 1. Categoric and non-categoric statements. 2, Disjunctive questions. 3. Commands, 4, Exclamations, 5. Spe­cial questions. 6. Alternative questions. 7. General questions and 8. Requests.

COMMUTATION METHOD /,komjar'teijen 'meGed/— one of the basic methods of phonemic investigation, which consists in the discovery of minimal pairs.

COMPARATIVE PHONETICS /ksm'paarstiv fou'netika/ - this branch of phonetics studies the correlation between the phonetic system of two or more languages,

COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION /,komplementär! /hstn'bju-jW — arrangement of allophones of one and the same phoneme, which occurs in different contexts, but in a definite set of them.

COMPLETE ASSIMILATION /kam'plfct 9,sirm'leijW - assimilation when one of the two adjacent sounds fully coincides with the other. For example: less sugar /lej 'Jugs/.

COMPONENT /kam'psunant/ — a part of the whole.

CONSONANT /'krnssnsnt/ — a sound of noise, which is formed by A complete or incomplete obstruction. As a rule, consonants are non-syllabic,

CONSTITUTIVE FUNCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS /'kunstitjtttiV 'fArjkJsn ev 'spirtf 'saundz/ — the function to constitute the material forms of morphemes, words and sentences.

CONSTRICTIVE FRICATIVE SOUNDS/ksn'stnktiv'frikativ'saundz/— in the articulation of these sounds the air passage is narrowed or constricted to-such an extent that the air passing through it produces noise or friction. No⁵ resonance is possible in the production of pure fricatives /f, 6, s, J¹, h/. Voiced fricatives are produced with an admixture of musical tone, they are: /v, b_r z, 3/.

CONSTRICTIVE SONANTS /kan'striktiv 'saunants/ (resonants) — in the articulation of these sounds the narrowing for the air passage is not wide enough to eliminate the noise or friction completely; on the other hand it is wide enough to make the cavity function as a resonator. They are: /w, 1, r, j/.

CONTACT /'kxntsekt/ — a closure made by the organs of speech.

CONTIGUOUS /ksn'tigjues/— adjacent or neighbouring syllables or sounds (usually consonants).

CONTINUANTS /kan'tmjuants/ — consonants that can be prolonged dur­ing the stop-stage of their articulation. For example: im, n, 1, r, 3/.

CONTOID /ken'toid/ — the term is used by the American linguist K. Pike to characterize noise consonants. ^_

DARK SOUND /'dak 'saund/ — the sound which is made harder due to additional articulatory work — the raising of the back part of the tongue to the soft palate {back secondary focus), [w] and [1] "dark are pronounced with the back secondary focus.

DEFECTS OF SPEECH /di'fekts ev 'spltf/ — drawbacks in pronuncia­tion.

DEFINITION OF A SOUND /,defi'mjan av a 'saund/ — the description of the complex of properties characteristic of a sound, which helps to attribute this sound to a certain type,

DENTAL CONSONANTS /'dentl 'ktnsgnents/— consonants produced with the tip and the blade of the tongue placed against the upper front teeth. For example: It, d, n/,

DEPRESSION OF THE TONGUE /di'prejen ev 6a 'ton/ — low position of the tongue in the mouth cavity.

DESCENDING SCALE /di'sendirj 'skeil/ — gradual lowering of the voice pitch.

DESCRIPTIVE PHONETICS /dis'knphv feu'netiks/ — studies the con­temporary phonetic system of a language, i.e. the system of its pronunciation, and gives a description of all the phonetic units of this language,

DEVOICE /di'vois/ — to pronounce with the vocal cords switched cut. Voiced consonants are gradually devoiced in the terminal position and under the influence of the adjacent voiceless consonant (not so much as in the Russian language).

DIACHRONIC APPROACH /,daie'krtmk a'prgutf/ _ analysis of the phenomena which refer to different periods of development,

DIACRITIC MARKS /,daie'krifik 'masks/ — additional symbols used to characterize separate phonemes or their allophones. For examples, the Russian й, the German Ü. Diacritic marks help to use the inventory of the letters of the alphabet, without enlarging it.

DIALECTOLOGY 7,daialek'tolEd3i/ — the branch of phonetics which studies the dialectal differences in pronunciation.

DIAPHONE ['daiafaun/ — allophone of one and the same phoneme, pro­nounced by different people.

• DIAPHRAGM /'daiafram/ — that part of the power mechanism which separates the cavity of the chest from the abdominal cavity.

DICTAPHONE /'diktafsun/ — the apparatus that records and reproduc­es oral speech.

DICTION /'dikjW — a way of speaking. The selection and control of «words to express ideas (command of vocabulary, grammatical correctness, affec­tive word order, etc.).

DIGRAPH /'daigrcuf/ — combination of two letters equivalent to one phoneme. For example: ее /fc/, sh /J/, th /0, 5/.

DIMINUTION OF INTENSITY /,dimi'n]u>Jan sv m'tensiti/ — lowering of the voice intensity, which results from the gradual weakening of the vocal cords vibration.

DIPHTHONG /'difSDrj/ — a vowel phoneme which consists of two ele­ments: a nucleus and a glide. The first element of a diphthong is more loud and distinct, the formation of the second element of a diphthong is not accom­plished. English diphthongs can he normal — this term is used because they are similar to the diphthongs normally occurring in other languages: /ei, ai, 01, аи, au/ and centring: /ia, еэ, ээ, ua/ — they are called so because their glide /a/ is considered to bö a central vowel.

DIPHTHONGIZATION //Ш ongai'zeiJan/ — slight shifting of the or­gans of speech position within the articulation of one and the same vowel (these organs are mostly — the tongue, the lips and the lower jaw). Diphthongization changes the quality of the sound during its articulation,

DIPHTHONGOIDS /'difÖarjgoids/ — diphthongized sounds. In English they are /!:/ and lal. The /I;/ articulation begins with /i/ which glides up to the l'\l position and ends up in the /j/ position. The /it/ articulation begins with /u/ which glides up to the /u/ position and ends in the /w/ position.

DISCREPANCY /dis'krepansi/ — non-coincidence, divergence of proper­ties.

DISJUNCTIVE QUESTION /dis'dsAnktiv 'kwestjan/ — a question which consists of two parts, characterized by the succession of falling and rising tones (nuclear or terminal), used to express alternative ideas.

DISSIMILATION /,disimi'leijW — substitution of one sound for anoth­er, similar in tamber but different] articulatorily: пролубь, лыцарь instead of прорубь, рыцарь.

DISTINCTIVE FUNCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS /dis'tirjktiv ЧлпкХэп av 'spJitf 'saundz/ — it is manifested most conspicuously in minimal pairs when the opposition of speech sounds is the only phonetic means of distinguish­ing one member of that pair from the other.

DISTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS /^istn'bjutfangl a'naälisis/ — this meth-od helps to establish the distribution of speech sounds, i.e. all the positions or combinations in which each speech sound of a given language occurs (or does not occur) in the words of the language.

DISYLLABIC /'disi'lffibik/ - consisting of two syllables.

DORSAL CONSONANTS /'dasl 'konsanonts/ — pronounced with the blade the tongue against either the upper teeth or the alveolar ridge. For example: Russian /t/.

DORSUM /'do:sam/ — back.

DORSUM OF THE TONGUE /'dasam эч бэ 'Urj/ — the middle and back parts of the tongue.

DOUBLE STRESS /'diibl 'stres/ — two stresses within one and the same word, e.g. disagree /'diss'grt/.

DRAWL /drwl/ — to pronounce slowly.

DURATION /djua'reifan/ - length.

DYNAMIC ACCENT /dai'nasmik 'ffiksant/— force accent based mainly on the expiratory effort.

EAR TRAINING /'la'tremin/ - training of the ear in differentiating and distinguishing phonetic phenomena.

EDGES OF THE TONGUE /'etfeiz av 5a 'Urj/ — the rims ol the tongue.

ELISION /i'Ii3sn/ — dropping off of a vowel in initial or terminal posi­tion. For example: 'tis instead of if is, th' eternal instead of the eternal.

EMOTION /i'msujan/ — display of excitation, irritation, joy and other feelings. In speech they are expressed by different phonetic and lexicostylistic means, such as emphatic stress, emphatic intonation, etc.

EMPHASIS /'emfesis/ — combination of the expressive means of the lan­guage to single out emphatic words, groups of words or whole sentences.

EMPHATIC /im'fffitik/ — that which refers to emphasis,

ENCLITIC /m'khtik/ — unstressed word or syllable, which refers to the preceding stressed word or syllable. For example: be, not in 'may be, 'cannot Together with the stressed word enclitics form one phonetic unit.,

EPENTHESIS /e'penössis/ — the occurrence of a sound in a word, in which it is not pronounced. For example: length may be pronounced as/Ierj(k)8/, glimpse — as /ghm(p)s/ with the epenthetic /k/ and /p/.

EXHALATION /^kshe'leijen/— breathing the air out of the lungs and the mouth cavity.

EXHALE /eks'heil/ — to breathe the[air out of the lungs and the mouth cavity.

EXPERIMENTAL PHONETICS /eks,pen'mentl fsu'netiks/ — the branch of phonetics which studies phonetic phenomena through observation and cal­culations with the help of different apparatus and devices'.

EXPIRATION /.ekspai'reijen/ — breathing the air out. See EXHALA-TJON..

EXPLOSION /iks'plsussn/, or plosion /'ркизгп/^-nofse made by the air, when it is suddenly released through a ccmplete obstruction. The sounds /p, t, k/ are pronounced with a plosion, or explosion.

EXPRESSION /iks'prejW — thoughts and emotions expressed by words end i tonation.

FACULTATIVE PHONEMES /'fsfcsltativ 'faunlmz/ — such phonemes inJEnglish are Ы and /ээ/. They are not used in all idiolects, where they are replaced by /w,»/. But in those idiolects in which they are used they may dis­tinguish words in minimal pairs, e.g. which — который, witch —- ведьма, more — больше, maw — пасть.

PALL /Ы/ — lowering of the voice pitch within a stressed syllable,

FAMILY OF^SOUNDS /'famuli ev 'saundz/ — D. Jones' term in his pho­neme definition,

FAUCAL CONSONANTS /'fokal, 'kxnssnants/ — occlusive noise conso­nants which are articulated by the soft palate raised against the back wall of the pharynx, which is accompanied by a nasal plosion and results in opening the nasal cavity for the flow of air. Combinatory allophones,articulated in that manner are [t] in the word button or the Russian [6] in обман.

FIXED ORGANS OF SPEECH /'fikst 'otgsnz'av 'spW/, —they are: the upper teeth and the teethridge, the hard palate and the pharyngeal wall.

FIXED WORD,ACCENT /'fikst 'ws:d 'absent/ — this type of accent is
characterized by the fixed position, of stress. ' '. ^

FLAPPED CONSONANTS /'flsept 'komssnents/ — articulated by a single tap of the tip of the tongue against the teethridge. For example: [r] in sorry, very.

FLAT NARROWING /'flset 'naramrj/ — passage for the flow of air, which ^{is m}°«»г less flat. The sounds /f, v/ are pronounced with the flat narrowing.

FLOW OF AIR /'flau sv W —the stream of air.

FOCUS /'fsukss/ (pi. FOCI /'fsusai/) — the place in the mouth cavity,
in which the obstruction (complete or incomplete) is formed in the articulation
of a consonant. Front secondary focus is formed by the middle part of the tongue
raised against the hard palate. Back secondary focus is formed by the back part
of the tongue raised against the soft palate.?•"

FORELINGUAL /'blingwal/ — articulated by the tip'of the tongue raised agams,t the upper teeth or the teethridge. For example: /t, d, n/are lore-lingual consonants.;

FORMANTS /'foments/ — the regions of the spectrogram, which are cor­related with the qualities of vowels or their tembral characteristics.

FORTIS /'foctia/ — strong.

FORTIS CONSONANTS ['tehs 'kpnsanants/ — voiceless plosives and constrictives, which are pronounced with strong muscular tension and strong expiratory effort (compare with Ienis consonants). The consonants /f, p, if are fortis.

FREE ACCENTUAL VARIANTS /'frt ajk'sentjual 'vsariants/— they are variants of individual pronunciation — interidmlectal variants. E.g. 'hos­pitable, hos'pitabte,' рапорт, рапорт.

FREE VARIATIONS — intraidiolectal and interidiolectal variations which are spontaneous, unintentional, non-functional, non-distinctive.

FREE WORD ACCENT /'Frt 'wa:d 'asksant/ — the type of accent which is characterized by the free accidence of the word accent; in different words of the language different syllables can be stressed — the first, the second, the third. Free word accent has two subtypes: a) constant, which always remains on the same morpheme: wonder, wonderfully and b) shifting, which changes its place: сад, садовод.

FRICATIVE CONSONANTS /'fnkativ 'künsanants/ - produced by fric­tion of the flow of air through the narrowing formed by articulatory organs. For example: /v, s. z/.

FRICriONLESS /'frik/anlrs/ — produced without any audible friction.

FRICTIONLESS CONTINUANTS /'fnkfanlis kan'trajuants/— the term may be used in reference to constrictive sonants /w, r, j/, which are pronounced with little noise and can be prolonged or continued. "A consonant having the articulation of a fricative but pronounced with weak force so that little or no friction is audible." (D. Jones)

FRONT OF THE TONGUE /'frAnt sv 9э Члп/ — the blade and the tip of the tongue. The blade and the middle of the tongue in the terminology of Eng­lish phoneticians,

FRONT-RETRACTED VOWELS /'frAtit n'trsktid 'vaualz/ — produced with the front but a bit retracted position of the bulk of the tongue. The vowel /i/ is a front-retracted sound. It is retracted in comparison with the vowel /k/ which is fully front. The nucleus of the diphthong /au/ is also front-retracted.

FRONT VOWELS /'fmnt 'vaualz/ — vowels articulated when the bulk of the tongue moves forward and its front part is raised highest towards the hard palate: /fc, i, e, ae/ and the nuclei of the diphthongs /ia, ei, еэ, ai, au/.

FULLY VOICED /'fuh 'voist/ — consonants pronounced with the vocal cords vibrating from the first to the last stage of their articulation.

FUNCTIONAL /'lAnkJanl/ — phonological, connected with differentia-tory function.

FUNCTIONAL PHONETICS /'fAukJanl fau'netiks/ - the branch of pho­netics which studies the purely linguistic aspect of speech sounds,

FUNCTIONS OF A PHONEME /'lAnkJanz av э 'faunfcm/ — in speech a phoneme performs three functions: 1. distinctive, 2. constitutive and 3. re-cognitive; they are inseparable.

FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY /Дп da'mental 'frtkwansi/ - the fre­quency of the vibrations of the vocal cords over their whole length.

FUNDAMENTAL TONE /,knda'raentl 'taun/ - the sound wave which results from the vibrations oE the whole physical body and which has the lowest frequency.

G

GENERAL AMERICAN, G.A. /'cfcenaral e'raenkon/ - the most wide­spread type of educated American speech.

GENERAL PHONETICS /'dgeneral fou'netiks/ — analysis, description, and comparison of phonetic phenomena in different languages.

GENERAL PHONOLOGICAL RULES /'азепэгэ! _yfauna'bdgrksl 'rulz/ — these rules make it possible to establish the phonemic status of sounds without direct reference to their distribution; they are; 1. the law of great phonemic dissimilarity; 2. the law of conditioned allophonic similarity.

GENERAL QUESTION /'cfcenaral 'kwestjW — the type of a question which demands a yes or no answer, it is pronounced with the rising tone.

GLIDE /glaid/ — that part of a diphthong which constitutes its additional element, the full articulation of which is not accomplished. For example: hi and hi in /ai, ei, is, еэ/ are glädes.

GLOTTAL SOUND /'glutl 'saund/ — when the glottis is narrowed during exhalation, the air, passing out of the mouth cavity, produces an /h/ like sound; that is why /h/ is considered by Prof. A. L. Trakhterov and British and Ameri­can phoneticians to be a glottal or laryngeal consonant (not a pharyngeal one).

GLOTTAL STOP /'glut! 'sttp/ — a sound which reminds a slight cough and is articulated by the vocal cords, before a vowel sound is heard, in cases of emphatic speech.

GLOTTIS /'gltitis/ — the space between the vocal cords, which is the en­trance to the trachea, or the windpipe.

GRAPHEME /'grssffcm/ — an orthographic unit with which a phoneme can be correlated, e.g. t, e, n are graphemes in ten.

GROOVE-SHAPED DEPRESSION /'gruv 'jeipt di'prejen/ is formed in the middle part of the blade of the tongue in the articulation of Is, z/.

H

HARD PALATE /'had 'pmhtl ~ the roof of the mouth.

HEAD /hed/ — stressed syllables preceding the nucleus together with the intervening unstressed syllables.

■ HEIGHT /halt/ — the width of the resonating cavity in the articulation of vowels.

HEIGHT OF THE TONGUE /'hait av бэ 'W — the height to which the bulk of the tongue is raised and which determines the level of the raised bulk of the. tongue: high, mid, or low.

HETEROGENEITY /.hetarabi'nfciti/ — mutually differentiating pro­perties¹ in the sounds which are compared.

HETEROGRAPHY /,het9'rt graft] — the use of similar letters for differ­ent sounds, for example the letter с corresponds to the sound /k/ in the word can and to the sound /s/ in city.