Task 2. Find in the text the sentences with “The Complex Object” construction and translate them into Russian

Task 3. Choose the sentences with “The Complex Subject” construction and translate them into Russian:

1. High unemployment rate in Europe is assumed to result from high unemployment benefits.

2. The private sector is normally considered to use resources more productively than the government.

3. Social security payments and unemployment benefits are known as transfer payments.

4. It is known that taxes raised at the national level, such as income tax or VAT (value added tax), are usually supplemented by local taxes.

5. More people have been found to choose to stay unemployed in countries with very high tax rates.

6. The UK government is known to take nearly 40 percent of national income in taxes.

7. Macroeconomics is concerned with demand for goods by households or the total spending on machinery and buildings by firms.

Task 4. Paraphrase the sentences using “The Complex Subject” construction according to the pattern:

Pattern – Economists believe unemployment benefits to stop people from looking for a job. – Unemployment benefits are believed to stop people from looking for a job.

1. Economists think youth employment to be low in Germany because education is subsidized by the state.

2. Economists consider government spending cuts to be necessary in order to cut taxes.

3. Economists say economic system to be the particular way in which the economic activity in a country is organized.

4. Economists believe workers in poor countries to be much less productive as a result of bad working conditions.

5. Statistics say the 16 percent of world population living in the industrial countries receive nearly 80 percent of the world income.

6. We know public goods to be paid for out of general taxation.

7. We know a subvention to be money given by government, a person or an organization to help somebody do something for the good of the public, for example, in education or sciences.

8. We consider a subsidy to be money given by a government to certain producers to help them to produce at a low price goods and services needed by the public.

Task 5. Translate the sentences from Russian into English paying attention to the Complex Subject:

1. Полагают, что доля налогов в цене товара не может зависеть от покупательной способности населения.

2. Считается, что дополнительный доход от государства является отрицательным стимулом для поисков работы с более высокой заработной платой.

3. Незначительная доля государственных расходов Японии обусловливается, как известно, чрезвычайно низким уровнем расходов на национальную оборону.

4. Общественные расходы – это, как считается, те расходы, которые финансируются из налогообложения и государственных заимствований.

5. Полагают, большой государственный сектор делает экономику неэффективной, снижая количество товаров и услуг, которое может быть произведено и в конечном итоге распределено потребителям.

6. Известно, что в Великобритании взносы в фонды социального страхования составляют почти треть от общей суммы, которая направляется на социальные расходы.

Section 4: Communication Workshop