Lubrication

The type and amount of oil to be used are specified for every engine and these recommendations should be followed exactly for greatest satisfaction and freedom from trouble. Engine oil is used inside the engine. We know engine oil to reduce friction, transfer heat, seal compression and keep the inside of the engine clean. It works under heat and pressure in the presence of air. These conditions tend to change the composition of the oil; other products are formed which render the oil not only almost useless for the job it is to do but positively dangerous to the engine.

It follows that good quality oil, with the correct specification for a specific engine should be used in sufficient quantity and then should be dumped before its character is changed and it is dangerous to the life of the engine.

The lubrication system could not be simpler; it contains neither filter, nor pump. The correct grade of clean oil being kept to the recommended level and renewed every 100 working hours, the dipper on the connecting-rod cap will do the rest.

Lubricants used by a tractor are of two types — oils and greases. In general, oil is used in the crankcase of the engine and in the gear cases, while greases are used to lubricate all other critical parts.

The choice of lubricating oil may seriously affect the life and service of a tractor. There are many factors that should be considered in making a choice. Engine lubricating oil should be of well refined oil, free from water, sediment, acid, or any substance not derived from petroleum. Oil should not corrode any metal used in engine construction.

1. Study the following words:

Friction, transfer heat, dumped, lubricating oil, greases, refine, sediment, substance, corrode, seal compression, heat, connecting-rod cap

2. Complete the sentences with appropriate words from the text:

a) Engine oil is used … the engine.

b) Oil should not … any metal used in engine construction.

c) Lubricants used by a tractor are of two types …. …...

d) It works under heat and … in the presence of air.

3. Give your own definitions of the words:

corrode, friction, lubrication, substance, crankcase

4. Insert prepositions if necessary:

a) There are many factors that should be considered … making a choice.

b) The type and amount … oil to be used are specified … every engine.

c) It follows that good quality oil, … the correct specification for a specific engine should be used … sufficient quantity

Тип и количество масла, которые будут использоваться указаны для каждого двигателя, и эти рекомендации должны быть в точности для наибольшего удовлетворения и свободы от неприятностей. Моторное масло используется в двигателе. Мы знаем, моторное масло для уменьшения трения, передача тепла, сжатие уплотнения и держать внутри чистого двигателя. Он работает при нагревании и давлении в присутствии воздуха. Эти условия имеют тенденцию к изменению состава масла; другие продукты образуются которые оказывают масло не только почти бесполезно для работы он должен сделать, но положительно опасно в двигатель.

Отсюда следует, что хорошее качество масла, которые соответствуют требованиям для конкретного двигателя следует использовать в достаточном количестве, а затем должны быть сброшены перед его характер изменился, и это опасно для жизни двигателя.

Система смазки не может быть проще; он содержит ни фильтр, ни насос. Правильный сорт чистого масла держится до рекомендуемого уровня и обновляется через каждые 100 часов работы, ковш на шатуна крышкой сделает все остальное.

Смазочные материалы, используемые трактора бывают двух типов - масла и смазочные материалы. В общем, масло используют в картере двигателя и в коробках передач, в то время как смазки используются для смазки всех других критических частей.

Выбор смазочного масла может серьезно повлиять на жизнь и службу трактора. Есть много факторов, которые следует учитывать в выборе. Двигатель смазочного масла должны быть хорошо рафинированное масло, свободной от воды, донных отложений, кислоты, или любого вещества не полученного из нефти. Нефть не должны подвергаться коррозии металлических компонентов, используемых в строительстве двигателя.

5. Exercises in translation:

1. See that the working part to be oiled is first thoroughly clean. 2. Troubles can be grouped under three headings: compression, cooling, lubrication; any of the many troubles to be discussed under these headings can appear in the same form from the same causes in either (S.I., or C.I., M.M.) engine. 3. The following tools to be wrapped in a clean rag after greasing should be packed always in a systematic order. 4. Decarbonizing the Villiers engine is a simple job to be done about every 200 or 300 hours.

5. An excessively high oil-level will cause the big-ends of the connecting-rods to dip into the oil in the crankcase. 6. This water had frozen in the oil-pump gears during the night, and had caused the oil-pump drive-pin to shear* when the engine was started. 7. Dependability at high pres­sures and endurance under the worst conditions are some of the qualities that have caused flexible pipe assemblies to be widely used.

* * *

1. The tests proved the valves to be correct. 2. For the bearings highly alloyed metals as well as plastics are used, depending on the liquids to be pumped. 3. Assume the pis­ton to be at T.D.C. and both valves to be closed. 4. The main points to observe before installing a piston to its liner are as follows.... 5. Fuel to be delivered to the carburetor of a petrol-engine or, in the case of a C.I. engine, to the pump-unit should be clean and free from grit, water and foreign-matter liable to block small passages, or to interfer with the working of delicate parts.

Text 4

FUEL

Fuel System. The fuel system includes air cleaner, carburetor and governor. Of these, the air cleaner is un­doubtedly the most important. If it becomes clogged (1), it will cause bad starting and lack of power; if it is incorrectly serviced and allows dirty air to enter the engine, cylinder piston and crankshaft wear increase alarmingly.

Each internal combustion engine being designed to burn a certain kind of fuel, and to do most efficient perform­ance, the proper fuel should always be used in an engine. If a fuel that is not correct for the engine is used continually, many difficulties are likely to be experienced: lack of power, overheating, excessive fuel consumption, knocking, rapid wear, and other troubles. Some engines are designed to use two kinds of fuel, under certain specified conditions. Two-fuel engines are ordinarily started and warmed up on gazoline, and operated at work on a heavier fuel, such as distillate or tractor fuel.

Liquid fuels may be generally divided into light and heavy. Gasoline, bensol are light fuels while distillate, or motor fuel, fuel oil are heavy fuels.

Storing fuel. We know fuel that is not stored properly to deteriorate rapidly. The chief factors causing deterioration of fuel in storage are heat and moisture. Gasoline, in particular, should be stored out of direct sunshine (2) If at all possible, and where there is relatively little change in temperature.

These are sometimes stored out of doors and under trees. A better arrangement is to have them in a special shed far removed from other buildings. Sometimes storage tanks are buried in the ground; in this case pumps are attached to the tanks that will deliver the fuel directly to the tank of a tractor. Underground storage is found to provide relatively stable temperature. The result is that little fuel If lost from relatively, and relatively little condensation of moisture from the air occurs.

NOTES:

(1) becomes clogged — загрязняется

(2) mil of direct sunshine — защищенным от солнечных лучей (зд.)

1. Study the following words:

Governor, clogged, lack of, excessive, liquid, moisture, gasoline, deteriorate, bensol,

Relatively, steel barrels, pump, occur, arrangement, consumption, rapid wear.

2. Complete the sentences with appropriate words from the text:

a) Underground … is found to provide relatively stable temperature.

b) A better arrangement is to have them in a special ….

с) Much motor fuel is … in steel barrels.

d) … … are light fuels.

3. Give your own definitions of the words:

Governor, liquid, moisture, gasoline, deteriorate, bensol,

steel barrels, pump, arrangement, consumption, rapid wear.

4. Insert prepositions if necessary:

a) These are sometimes stored out … doors and under trees.

b) Liquid fuels may be generally divided …light and heavy.

c) Two-fuel engines are ordinarily started and warmed … on gazoline.

d) The result is that little fuel If lost from relatively, and relatively little condensation … moisture … the air occurs.

5. Exercises in translation:

1. The camshafts carry one cam for actuating each valve, their action being briefly as follows: …. 2. Having in- stalled the pistons and connecting rods, replace the cylinder head. 3. The engine having stopped, the valve begins to cool and the clearance increases. 4. The camshaft may be gear or chain driven, but the method of indicating the correct mating of the camshaft and crankshaft is the same in each case. 5. It was known that crankcase dilution began with condensation of a small part of the fuel-air mixture on the cylinder walls during the compression stroke, the diluents being absorbed by the oil on the cylinder wall and the unburnt portion of diluted oil passing to the crankcase. 6. Having traced the faulty cylinder, we must next determine whether the compression loss is caused by an internal or an external fault. 7. If there are five main bearings, adjust the remaining four in the following order: 5, 1, 4, 2. 8. The possible orders of firing for a four-cylindered engine are: a) 1, 2, 4, 3, b) 1, 3, 4,2; similar considerations apply to six-cylindered engines, the design of crankshaft being such that the usual or-
der of firing is: 1,5,3,6,2,4. 9. But before dealing with its vulnerability (that of the engine clutch, M.M.), let us consider the fundamental principles and basic components of the single-plate friction clutch. 10, Time is important to allow combustion to develop,[1] whereas very little power would be lost by forcing the piston upwards for a very small distance against high pressure. 11. The dynamo is permanently connected to the engine[2] and uses some of the available engine power in producing electrical power at its terminals. 12. The amounts required vary with make of engine.

Text 5