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Ãëàâíàÿ Ñëó÷àéíàÿ ñòðàíèöà Êîíòàêòû | Ìû ïîìîæåì â íàïèñàíèè âàøåé ðàáîòû! | |
Content
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| Introduction ……………………………………………………………... | p.3 | |
| Text 1. The architect …………………………………………………… | p.5 | |
| Text 2. Education and training of architecture in the USA ……….. | p.7 | |
| Text 3. Education and training (continue) …………………………... | p.8 | |
| Text 4. Architectural terms ……………………………………………. | p.10 | |
| Text 5. Architectural terms (continue) ………………………………. | p.12 | |
| Text 6. Orders of architecture ………………………………………… | p.15 | |
| Text 7. Orders of architecture (continue) …………………………… | p.16 | |
| Text 8. Elements of architecture. Function. …………………………. | p.18 | |
| Text 9. Elements of architecture. Appearance. ……………………... | p.20 | |
| Text 10. Elements of architecture. Durability. ……………………… | p.22 | |
| Text 11. Mesopotamian architecture. ………………………………... | p.23 | |
| Text 12. Mesopotamian architecture (continue) ……………………. | p.24 | |
| Text 13. Egyptian architecture. ………………………………………. | p.26 | |
| Text 14. Asian architecture. Chinese and Japanese architecture. … | p.28 | |
| Text 15. Asian architecture. Indian and Islamic architecture. …… | p.31 | |
| Text 16. Pre – Colobian architecture. ……………………………….. | p.33 | |
| Text 17. Classical Greek architecture. ……………………………….. | p.34 | |
| Text 18. Roman architecture. …………………………………………. | p.36 | |
| Text 19. Roman architecture. Early Christian architecture. ……… | p.38 | |
| Text 20. Byzantine architecture. ……………………………………… | p.39 | |
| Text 21. Romanesque architecture. ………………………………….. | p.41 | |
| Text 22. Gothic architecture. ………………………………………….. | p.43 | |
| Text 23. Renaissance. Early Renaissance architecture. …………… | p.44 | |
| Text 24. Early Renaissance architecture. (continue) ………………. | p.46 | |
| Text 25. Later Renaissance architecture. ……………………………. | p.48 | |
| Text 26. The meaning of Baroque. …………………………………… | p.50 | |
| Text 27. Rococo. ……………………………………………………… | p.51 | |
| Text 28. Colonial architecture. ……………………………………….. | p.53 | |
| Text 29. Industrial Revolution. ……………………………………….. | p.55 | |
| Text 30. The Greek and the Gothic Revival. ……………………… | p.57 | |
| Text 31. Early modern architecture in Europe. …………………….. | p.59 | |
| Text 32. Early modern architecture in Europe. (continue) ……….. | p.60 | |
| Text 33. Architecture today. …………………………………………… | p.62 | |
| Text 34. Architecture today. (continue) ……………………………… | p.64 | |
| Text 35. International Style. …………………………………………… | p.66 | |
| Additional reading. …………………………………………………….. | p.68 |
Introduction:
Architecture is the art and profession of designing buildings.The word architecture also has a historical meaning. In that respect, it may refer either to the building stile of a particular culture or to an artistic movement. For example, we speak of Greek architecture or Gothic architecture.
Architects design many kinds of structures. For instance, they design houses, schooles, hotels, hospitals, stadiums, factories, office buildings, theatres, and houses of worship. Architects also design monuments dedicated to the memory of important events and people. The beauty of a city or town is largerly determined by the quality of its architecture.
Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number of important practical considerations. For example, an architect may design an office building that looks beatiful. But if people cannot work comfortably and efficiently in it, the building fails architecturally.
There are unique features about architecture that set it apart from other arts. In most cases, painters, writers, composers, and other artists create their works and then try to sell them. But a building may cost thousands of millions of dollars to construct. In nearly all instances, archictects must have a buyer for their work before they create it. For example, rarely can an architect design an office building, afford to have it constructed, and then try to find someone who will buy it.
Unlike some other artists, architects must work with other people to produce their deigns. Novelists, for example, can create their stories alone from their own inspiration. But almost all architects design a building for a client and must consider the slient's wishes and needs in creating the design. Within the limits of those wishes and needs, architects can make their personal artistic contributions.
Architects work closely with the client throughout the development of building design. They deside how best to fulfill the client's requirements and give advice on probable costs. They make drawings and models that show how the building will look after it is completed. They also work with many different types of constractors who actually build the structure. Architects superwise the construction of the building and, in many cases, receive a percentage of the construction budget as their fee.
Architecture is one of the oldest art forms. It dates from prehistoic times and is found in all societies. A society's architecture reflects the values and ideals of its people. For example,the ancient Greeks stressed discipline and harmony in life, and so they created an architectural style that as balanced and orderly. The beauitifully proportioned Greek temple reflects this emphasis on harmonious design. The Middle Ages was a period of deep religious faith in Europe. Architects designed majestic cathedrals with arches and towers that seemed to soar toward heaven. Like the Greek temple, the medieval cathedral was intended to inspire a mood of reverence among worshipers.
Architects rank among the greatest figures in the history of art. But many architectural masterpieces were designed by killed craftorkers who were not professional architects. These people did not consider themselves artists and had no idea that they had created buildings which critics later would praise as important works of architecture. During the 1600's for example, colonists in New England build houses that were not primarily designed to be beautiful. Some of these houses have been preserved and are admired today for their skilled carpentry and handsome outlines.
We try to describe the basic elements of architecture and discusse the history of architecture througout the world from its beginnings to the present.
Text 1. The architect.
Words and word combinations:
Trained – îáó÷åííûé;
experienced – êâàëèôèöèðîâàííûé;
supervision – íàáëþäåíèå;
construction – ñòðîèòåëüñòâî;
landscape- ëàíäøàôò;
architects – àðõèòåêòîðû;
constantly expanding – ïîñòîÿííî ðàñøèðÿþùèéñÿ;
architect’s sphere of knowledge – ñôåðà çíàíèé àðõèòåêòîðà;
to combine art – ñîâìåùàòü èñêóññòâî;
advanced technology – óëó÷øàòü òåõíîëîãèþ;
to avoid – èçáåãàòü;
the landmarks – âåõà (â èñòîðèè)
gone days - ïðîøåäøèå äíè.
The architect is a person trained and experienced in the design of buildings and the coordination and supervision of all aspects of construction of buildings.
When the architect designs a structure, he uses the cumulative knowledge of centuries. Working to the architect’s design are many consultant experts – structural engineers and other sub – contracted specialists.
The architect’s function now extends into planning and works activities that need buildings.
Town planing or urbanism is the preparation of plans for the regulated growth and improvement of towns, or the organization of land and buildings for group living. It is a cooperative process in which architects, economists, engineers, lawyers, landscape architects, doctors, sociologists, surveyors or topographers and other specialists take part.
In the highly developed countries there is one architect per two or three thousand people. In the developing countries only one architect per 500,000 or one million people.
The architect’s sphere of knowledge is constantly expanding. He has to combine art, advanced technology, science, and economics work.
The main problem facing the architect today is to avoid any conflict with nature and the landmarks of by – gone days.
Exercises:
1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
the architect is a person trained and experienced; the coordination and supervision of all aspects; all aspects of construction; the cumulative knowledge of centuries; the cumulative knowledge of centuries; the preparation of plans; the organization of land and buildings for group living; in the highly developed countries; with nature and the landmarks of by – gone days.
2. Say if the following sentences are true or false:
1. The architect is a person trained and experienced in the design of aircraft.
2. When the architect designs a structure, he uses the cumulative knowledge of centuries.
3. The architect’s function now doesn’t extend into planning and works activities that need buildings.
4. In the highly developed countries there is one architect per five or six thousand people.
5. He has to combine art, advanced technology, science, and economics work.
3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
1. The architect is a … trained and experienced in the design of buildings and the coordination and supervision of all aspects of … of buildings.2. Working to the architect’s … are many consultant experts – structural engineers and other … specialists.3. Town planing or urbanism is the preparation of plans for the … growth and improvement of towns, or the … of land and buildings for group living.4. In the developing countries only one architect per … or one million people.5. The main problem facing the architect today is to … any conflict with nature and the landmarks of by – gone days.
4. Translate these sentences into Russian:
1. When the architect designs a structure, he uses the cumulative knowledge of centuries.2. Working to the architect’s design are many consultant experts – structural engineers and other sub – contracted specialists.3. It is a cooperative process in which architects, economists, engineers, lawyers, landscape architects, doctors, sociologists, surveyors or topographers and other specialists take part.4. In the highly developed countries there is one architect per two or three thousand people.5. The architect’s sphere of knowledge is constantly expanding.6. He has to combine art, advanced technology, science, and economics work.
5. Retell the text.
Äàòà ïóáëèêîâàíèÿ: 2014-11-02; Ïðî÷èòàíî: 578 | Íàðóøåíèå àâòîðñêîãî ïðàâà ñòðàíèöû | Ìû ïîìîæåì â íàïèñàíèè âàøåé ðàáîòû!
