| 1.
| These materials present new capabilities for studying acoustic characteristics.
|
| 2.
| Materials science offers researchers a wide variety of materials with chemical and physical properties.
|
| 3.
| We provide a comprehensive survey by covering some of the traditional methodologies.
|
| 4.
| The analysis provides a simple approach for dealing with local aspects of a signal.
|
| 5.
| The computer program created many graphs of discrete signals.
|
| 6.
| These algorithms employ mathematical, statistical and heuristic methodologies.
|
| 7.
| Fourier analysis easily calculates the frequencies which make up the signal.
|
| 8.
| This approach will provide valuable background for the experiment.
|
| 1.
| Researchers are also finding ways to put proteins, DNA, viruses and other micro-organisms to work in building nanomaterials.
| Ways to put proteins__
|
| 2.
| The group recommended more research along with new regulations to control the technology.
| More research__
|
| 3.
| Experts are assessing the effect of emerging materials on health and environment.
| The effect of emerging materials__
|
| 4.
| The members of the commission are going to undertake tests on products that contain nanomaterials.
| Tests on products that contain nanomaterials__
|
| 5.
| The inventor has developed a programme of research to ensure the safety of products.
| A programme of research to ensure the safety of products__
|
| 6.
| The conventional optical fiber communications systems employ optical fibers to transport information in optical telecommunication networks.
| Optical fibers to transport information__
|
| 7.
| Traditional WDM communication system comprises a plurality of WDM transmitters.
| A plurality of WDM transmitters__
|
| 8.
| The article provides a broad overview of the characteristics of the signal.
| A broad overview of the characteristics of the signal__
|
| 1.
| “Nano” __ typically (use) to define structures with a length scale of 1-100 nm.
|
| 2.
| Frequency may __ (measure) with higher accuracy than any other parameter.
|
| 3.
| Pictures of the surface of the planet Venus __ (receive) yesterday from space probe “Explorer” which __ (launch) last year.
|
| 4.
| Nanoparticles __ (synthesize) in a variety of organic and inorganic materials.
|
| 5.
| The coders __ (adopt) in national and international cellular telephony standards.
|
| 6.
| In general, high-quality speech coding at low rates __ (achieve) using high-complexity algorithms.
|
| 7.
| Phase transitions in polycrystals __ (investigate) in detail.
|
| 8.
| Microchannels __ (create) in different materials, including glass, silicon and polymers.
|
| 1.
| Microprocessors __ (make) of silicon.
|
| 2.
| Call centers __ (use) to deal with telephone enquiries.
|
| 3.
| In recent years, most mobile phones __ (equip) with Bluetooth.
|
| 4.
| GPS __ (develop) in the 1970s as a military navigation system.
|
| 5.
| Sorry about the mess – the computers __ (replace) at the moment.
|
| 6.
| In the near future, the Internet __ (access) more frequently from PDAs and mobile phones than from desktop computers.
|
| 7.
| Networks __ (can connect) via satellite.
|
| 8.
| I had to use my laptop this morning while my PC __ (fix).
|
| Exercise 6.
| Transform the sentences using the Passive Voice.
| |
| 1.
| They say that scientists are on the point of making a vital breakthrough.
|
| 2.
| The authors consider that these two methodologies are major elements in a powerful set of tools for theoretical and applied analysis.
|
| 3.
| They show that a detailed analysis of the type of conduction of single crystal films has been carried out.
|
| 4.
| We expect that the implementation of new materials will benefit the study of the phenomenon.
|
| 5.
| They consider that semiconductor nanostructures and gold NPs are two classes of nanostructures.
|
| 6.
| Biochemists hope that viruses will be deployed as “nanocameras” to get a clearer picture of what is going on inside cells.
|
| 7.
| We suppose that the signal is severely distorted by added noise.
|
| 8.
| Scientists believe that similar concept may be used to quantitatively explain the unpredictability.
|
| | | | |
| Exercise 7.
| Choose the most appropriate preposition in bold type. Translate the sentences.
|
| 1.
| The tight relationship between chaos theory and cryptography has been pointed out by/with some researchers.
| |
| 2.
| The rate of the reaction is affected by/on the change in such parameters as concentration, temperature and pressure.
| |
| 3.
| The initiative was supported by/with everybody.
| |
| 4.
| The discovery followed by/with further experimental work stimulated research in this area.
| |
| 5.
| Faster speed can be obtained with/by a little extra complexity and cost.
| |
| 6.
| The conference attended by/at scientists from different countries discussed new trends and methods in this research.
| |
| 7.
| Most digital chaotic ciphers are claimed to be secure by/with the authors but many of them are actually not.
| |
| 8.
| Some existing schemes have also been found to be insecure from/with cryptographical point of view.
| |
| | | | |
| 1.
| This phenomenon has been dealt with by several researchers.
|
| 2.
| The conference was attended by all the participants.
|
| 3.
| Methods employed in solving a problem are strongly influenced by the research objective.
|
| 4.
| His scientific reports are always followed by heated discussions.
|
| 5.
| In several areas of research the efforts of scientists are joined by those of philosophers and sociologists.
|
| 6.
| This problem can be approached from several points of view.
|
| 7.
| The members of the laboratory were consulted prior to this successful operation.
|
| 8.
| The reaction was followed by measuring temperature.
|
| 9.
| These rules were arrived at independently.
|
| 1.
| This approach has been referred to in an earlier paper.
|
| 2.
| I do not think this instrument can be relied upon.
|
| 3.
| The data cannot be accounted for by the existing theory.
|
| 4.
| This theory has been referred to as the “big bang” theory.
|
| 5.
| The best treatment of this material is generally agreed upon.
|
| 6.
| Rapid development of information technology has been called for by the needs of the national economy.
|
| 7.
| His warning was not taken notice of.
|
| 8.
| Application should be made of a new device this year.
|
| 9.
| Provision is made for new means of communication.
|
| Exercise 10.
| Identify passive structures in the sentences below and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentences.
|
| 1.
| The results were affected by the presence of impurities.
|
| 2.
| Unfortunately no advantage was taken of the fast reaction rate.
|
| 3.
| So far no notice has been taken of the obvious advantage of this technique.
|
| 4.
| His curiosity was excited when reference was made to still earlier publications.
|
| 5.
| Recently the problem has been given close consideration in connection with a new space project.
|
| 6.
| Mention has already been made of the fact that gold is slowly attacked by these substances.
|
| 7.
| Several outstanding contributions have been made to the study of crystal growth.
|
| 8.
| There is no doubt that in the course of further scientific development extensive use will be made of modern computing machines and electronic devices.
|
| | | |
| Exercise 11.
| Put questions to the words given in bold type.
| |
| 1.
| Temperature of the electrolyte was kept at 293 K.
|
| 2.
| The wafers were then cut into pieces and subjected to electromechanical anodizing.
|
| 3.
| A visual correlation between three clean harmonics is less affected by the noise.
|
| 4.
| A fixed number of harmonics is used for testing the algorithm.
|
| 5.
| The CDM approach to capacity enhancement is based on phase modulation of partially coherent light.
|
| 6.
| The number of CDM channels can be varied without changing the physical infrastructure.
|
| 7.
| The advantages of ion beam techniques in thin film or surface technologies are pointed out in a lot of publications.
|
| | | | |
| Exercise 12.
| Translate the following sentences into Russian.
| |
| 1.
| Many collision detection algorithms have been developed for solving collision problem for computer animation of moving objects.
|
| 2.
| Breakthroughs in chip development were needed to solve the problem of faster chips requiring more power and becoming less efficient.
|
| 3.
| Initial experimental specimens were prepared by vacuum deposing of aluminium films.
|
| 4.
| In this article mention is made of the acoustic devices designed by our scientists.
|
| 5.
| Around this concentration region the experiment was repeated three times and phenomenon was definitely confirmed.
|
| 6.
| Electrical signal carrying information is used to modulate the light emitted by an optical source, typically a laser diode.
|
| 7.
| The modulated light is then propagated through an optical fiber link.
|
| 8.
| It is observed that parts of the harmonic structure of speech have been removed.
|
| 9.
| The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated and compared with other noise reduction methods.
|
| | | | |
| Exercise 13.
| Translate into English.
| |
| 1.
| Важный вклад был сделан в изучение проблемы обеспечения информационной безопасности.
|
| 2.
| В этой лаборатории проводится много научных исследований.
|
| 3.
| Эта мысль была впервые высказана профессором Оксфордского университета.
|
| 4.
| Важность полученных выводов не была оценена.
|
| 5.
| За экспериментом последовало испытание разработанного устройства.
|
| 6.
| Алгоритм используется для измерения нулевых гармоник.
|
| 7.
| При таких условиях требования могут быть удовлетворены только частично.
|
| 8.
| Потребуются дальнейшие исследования для подтверждения этого результата.
|
| 9.
| Недавно модель была преобразована, и в настоящее время она широко используется на практике.
|
| 10.
| Все схемы можно легко расширить для проектирования других новых устройств.
|
| | | | |
| Exercise 14.
| Choose the correct verb form.
| |
| 1.
| Modern speech-coding algorithms are associated/ are associating with numerical methods that are computationally intensive and often sensitive to machine precision.
|
| 2.
| The statistical and spectral properties of speech are defined/ have defined over short segments.
|
| 3.
| The properties of speech is being related /are related to the physical speech production system.
|
| 4.
| In fact, existing computer chips will be manufacturing / are already manufactured taking advantage of techniques at the nanoscale.
|
| 5.
| New and powerful light-emitting diodes (LEDs) may soon replace/ may be replaced conventional light bulbs, offering huge energy savings.
|
| 6.
| In the short term, the greatest advances through nanotechnology will come/will have been come in the form of novel medical devices and processes, new catalysts for industry and smaller components for computers.
|
| 7.
| LEDs are built/are building with nanoconductors, increasingly developed at the nanoscale.
|
| 8.
| Some nanomaterials, such as nanowires and other simple devices have shown / have beenshown to assemble themselves given the right conditions, and other experiments at larger scales are striving/are being striven to demonstrate the principles of self-assembly.
|
| 9.
| More recently scientists working on the nanoscale have created/have been creating a multitude of other nanoscale components and devices.
|
| | | | |
| Exercise 15.
| A. Supply the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
| |
| 1.
| These parameters __ (extract) from each harmonic subband.
|
| 2.
| Illegal data access __ (become) more easy and prevalent in wireless and general communication networks.
|
| 3.
| In order to protect valuable data from undesirable readers or against re-production and modifications, the encryption techniques __ (propose).
|
| 4.
| The two parameters could be __ (view) as the keys to the proposed signal security system.
|
| 5.
| The evaluation of the design __ (include) the delay time and the areas cost.
|
| 6.
| The machine __ (try) under severe conditions.
|
| 7.
| No stage of the design can __ (complete) in the absence of the precise specification of the system under design.
|
| 8.
| Every thing __ (affect) by its relations to everything else.
|
| | | | |
| 1.
| I must have __ I must get this report photocopied and sent off immediately.
|
| 2.
| They are finally having __ their computer repaired.
|
| 3.
| We’ll be having __ the experiment carried out by a group of specialists.
|
| 4.
| Why don’t you have __ the speed of the reaction changed?
|
| 5.
| They should have __ new laboratory equipment installed.
|
| 6.
| You need to have __ the theme of the research specified.
|
| 7.
| Have you had __ the data checked?
|
| 8.
| He is going to have __ his experiment repeated next week.
|
| 9.
| When will he have __ all his mistakes corrected?
|
