I would ask about wind shear

For more practice on the Conditionalssee Extra Practice Grammar bank, p 117

Speaking

Make up reports on the following themes. Use the information from the unit and additional information.

1. Contribution of the Antonov’s design bureau to the development of aviation industry.
2. The An-225 is the world’s largest aircraft.
3. Modern cargo aircraft.

Appendix2

Supplementary Texts

TEXT № 1

Sergey Korolev

Part I

Life and work

January 12, 1907 – January 14, 1966

The life of the architect of the Soviet space program was a tragic one. He miraculously avoided death several times. He was punished for things he didn’t do, and the unjust sentence was not lifted until almost the end of his life. His existence remained a state secret, and only after his unexpected death did the world learn the name of the man who masterminded the Soviet space triumphs.

Korolev had been enamored with aviation from childhood, and deliberately chose to study areas of education which were needed to become an aviation engineer. By his late teens he already had experience as a glider designer and pilot. While studying at Moscow’s Bauman Higher Technical School he created several practical glider and airplane designs. His work was supervised by Andrey Tupolev, the famous aeronautical engineer, and this acquaintance helped Korolev in the future.

His interest in reactive propulsion as a promising principle for aircraft engines led him to join the Jet Propulsion Research Group - a state-sponsored rocketry center - which soon became the country’s leading rocket laboratory. As head of the group Korolev led several successful projects involving liquid-propelled missiles. Their success record made the authorities merge the lab with another laboratory in Leningrad in order to establish an institute for rocket technology (RNII) where Korolev attained the position of Deputy Chief Engineer.

The work of the new institute was interrupted in late 1930s after Stalin launched a crackdown on the officers of the Red Army. The RNII was a creation of Marshal Tukhachevsky who was shot on a false accusation in 1937 becoming one of the most prominent victims of the Great Purge. Many researchers at the institute were caught in the cogwheels too, and Korolev was no exception. Shortly after a near-fatal explosion in the laboratory Korolev was arrested for “counter-revolutionary political activities” and deliberately harming the work of the institute – both accusations were often used in the terror campaign. He was tortured to extract a confession and then sentenced to ten years in labor camps, and sent to a gold mine in Eastern Siberia.

Korolev’s health deteriorated after the beatings and harsh conditions of the camp. His morale was crippled by the injustice of his punishment, and for the rest of his life he acquired a cynical and gloomy attitude towards life. Colleagues recalled that his favorite saying was, “they’ll shoot us dead without an obituary”. He almost died in Siberia due to malnutrition and disease. However, fate smiled upon him when Mikhail Usachev - former head of Moscow’s aviation plant - was brought to the same camp. Thanks to his boxing skills and strong character he was put in charge of the other inmates and convinced the prison authorities to put Korolev whom he knew well into favored conditions.

Four months later, thanks to the efforts of Korolev’s family and friends, he was summoned to Moscow for re-trial. And once again he barely dodged death when he missed a ship going to Vladivostok. The vessel was caught in a storm and ran aground, and all 740 prisoners on board perished. The retrial still found Korolev guilty, but instead of a labor camp he was sent to a “sharashka” - a closed institution where inmates with a scientific background were forced to work on military projects. Korolev was sent to the one headed by Tupolev, also now a convict, where he helped develop the Tupolev Tu-2 bomber and the Petlyakov Pe-2 dive bomber.

In 1942 Korolev who initiated several rocket projects under Tupolev’s supervision was transferred to another prison laboratory - headed by his former co-worker at the RNII, Valentin Glushko, who was dedicated to rocket technology. Two years later the scientist was released and continued his work on rocket engines as a free man. It was only in 1957, however, nine years before his death, that the charges against him were dropped.

After the defeat of the Nazi Germany in 1945 Korolev was sent with a group of scientists to salvage what was left of the German rocket research studies. While the US managed to take leading scientists including Wernher von Braun out of the country, the Soviet Union got specialists involved in the mass production of the V-2 missile. Korolev was put in charge of replicating the missile which he successfully did by 1947. His work on improving the range and throw weight of Soviet ballistic missiles led to several breakthroughs culminating in the creation of the first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) with nuclear warhead: the two-stage R-7 (Sapwood) in 1957.

Starting from the mid-1950s Korolev promoted the idea of using the achievements in rocketry for space exploration. In 1956 his design bureau became an independent institute. A year later the launch of Sputnik, the first artificial satellite of Earth, became a propaganda triumph as well as a great scientific breakthrough. The event which caught the West unawares started the space race between the Soviet Union and the United States. Korolev’s research set a string of space “firsts”: the first animal launch, the first mapping of the dark side of the Moon, the first manned flight into space, and the first spacewalk.

These triumphs, however, were somewhat marred by the fact that Korolev’s contribution was not publicly acknowledged. Legend has it that when the Nobel committee sent a request for the names of the people who were to be praised for the launch of Sputnik, the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev replied it was “the Soviet People” rather than particular scientists. For many years the first man in space was Yury Gagarin rather than Sergey Korolev who was “the face” of the space program. Even insiders rarely referred to Korolev by his name preferring to refer to a mysterious “Chief Designer”. The first official report on his work as a prominent rocket engineer was in his obituary.

By the time of his premature death in 1966 Korolev had ambitious plans for a manned mission to the Moon and a permanent orbiting space station. The Soyuz spacecraft which is still in use today was Korolev’s creation for these projects. He also had prepared a design for creating artificial gravity in orbit by rotating a couple of linked spacecraft against a common center and envisioned orbital construction of a huge spaceship for a manned mission to Mars.

Overzealous in his work, meticulous and demanding, with a hot temper and a stubborn conviction in his ideas Sergey Korolev was both feared and loved by his subordinates. Even bitter rival designers: Vladimir Chelomei, Valentin Glushko and Mikhail Yangel acknowledged his fantastic intuition in technical issues.

Korolev died of a heart attack after an operation on a tumor two days after his 59th birthday. His life was not long, but his contribution to the rocket engineering and spacecraft designing is enormous.

Sergey Korolev

Part II

Space program

The beginning

Korolev was preoccupied with the use of rockets for space travel. In 1953 he first proposed the use of the R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile design for launching a satellite into orbit. He pushed his ideas with the Academy of Sciences of the USSR including a concept for sending a dog into space. He also had to overcome resistance in the military and among party members.

In 1957 during the International Geophysical Year the concept of launching a satellite began to appear in the American press. The US government was not well disposed toward the idea of spending millions of dollars on this concept, and so it was effectively frozen for a period. However, Korolev’s group followed the Western press, and they thought it was possible to beat the US to the punch. He was finally able to win over support because of competition with the United States by suggesting that the USSR should try to be the first country to launch a satellite.

The actual development of Sputnik was performed in less than a month. This was a very simple design consisting, practically, of a polished metal sphere, a transmitter, thermal measuring instruments, and batteries. Korolev personally managed the assembly, and the work was very hectic. Finally on October 4, 1957, the satellite was placed in orbit.

The effect of this launch was electric, and produced many political ramifications for the future. Nikita Khrushchev was pleased with this success and decided that it should be followed up by a new achievement in time for the 40th anniversary of the October Revolution. This was less than a month away, on November 3. The result was Sputnik 2.

This new spacecraft would have six times the mass of the Sputnik 1 and would include as a payload the dog Laika. The entire vehicle was designed from scratch within four weeks with no time for testing or quality checks. It was successfully launched on November 3 and the dog was placed in orbit. There was no mechanism designed in this vehicle to bring the dog back to earth and so she died after roughly 6 hours in space succumbing to heat exhaustion.

This string of successes ran out with the launch of Sputnik 3. This instrument-laden spacecraft was sent into orbit on May 15 the following year. However, the tape recorder that was to store the data failed after launch. As a result, the discovery and mapping of the Van Allen radiation belts were left to the United States’ Explorer 4 in July. What Sputnik 3 did do, however, was to leave little doubt with the American government about the Soviet’ pending ICBM capability.

The Moon

Korolev now turned his attention to reaching the Moon. A modified version of the R-7 launch vehicle would be used with a new upper stage. The engine for this final stage was the first designed to be fired in outer space. The first three probes sent to the Moon in 1958 failed. The Luna 1 mission in 1959 was intended to impact the surface but missed by about 6000 kilometres. Another probe failed, and then the Luna 2 successfully impacted the surface giving the Soviet Union another first. This was followed by an even greater success with Luna 3. It was launched only two years after Sputnik 1 and was the first spacecraft to photograph the far side of the Moon.

Korolev’s group was also working on ambitious programs for missions to Mars and Venus, putting a man in orbit, launching communication, spy and weather satellites, and making a soft-landing on the Moon. A radio communication center needed to be built in the Crimea to control the spacecraft.