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THE INTERNET: FAQS

The Internet is without doubt one of the most important inventions in history. It was started in 1968 by the US government, but at first it was used mainly by scientists. Since 1990, when the World Wide Web was created, it has changed the world, and its uses are growing every day.

The Internet is a network (several networks, in fact) of millions of computers around the world, connected by phone lines, satellite or cable, so that all the computers on the net can exchange information with each other.

Not quite. The Internet links computers, and the World Wide Web is a system which links the information stored inside these computers.

A company or organisation stores its information in electronic documents on one of thInternet computers, somewhere in the world. This computer space - the company's web site - has an address, in the same way that every telephone has a number. To visit a web site, you simply enter the address. Your computer is connected to the web site, a document is downloaded, and a page appears on your computer screen.

When you visit a web site looking for information, some words on the page may be underlined, showing that there is more information about the subject in another document. If you click on one of these words, the Web automatically connects your computer to a new document or web site, even if this is stored thousands of kilometres away. You're surfing the net!

The main use of the Internet is to find information — for your schoolwork or job, or just to find out more about your hobbies, sports or current events. You can also use the Internet to read «newspapers and magazines, play games, plan your holiday or buy things from your favourite shop. E-mail makes it possible to send electronic messages anywhere in the world in seconds, and you can use the Internet to "chat" with people and make new friends.

If you don't already use the Internet, all you need to get started is a computer, a modem and a phone line. Using the Internet is getting cheaper and easier all the time.

Are you ready to surf the net? There's a whole exciting Internet world out there waiting for you!

LESSON 6.

UKRAINE

EXERCISES

1. Read and memorize the following words:

sovereign ['sͻvrin] суверенний

e.g. Our country is a sovereign state.

boundary ['baundǝri] кордон, межа

e.g. Ukraine has common boundary with many countries.

region [ri:dʒn] область

e.g. There are 24 administrative regions there.

wash [wͻ:ʃ] омивати

e.g. Ukraine is washed by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.

multinational ['mʌlti'næʃǝnl] багатонаціональний

e.g. Ukraine is a multinational state.

variety [vǝ'raiǝti] різноманіття, розмаїття

e.g. The country has a wide variety of minerals.

favourable ['feivǝrǝbl] сприятливий

e.g. Ukraine has the favourable climate and the geografi-cal position.

extremely [iks'tri:mli] надзвичайно

e.g. The flora and fauna of our country are extremely rich.

inexhaustible [,inig'zo:stǝbl] невичерпний

e.g. Ukraine has inexhaustible natural wealth.

possess [pǝ'zes] володіти

e.g. The country possesses enormous tracts of woodland.

ancient ['einʃǝnt] стародавній, давній

e.g. Ukraine has an ancient history.

deposit [di'pͻzit] родовище

e.g. Our country has rich deposits of coal.

heritage ['heritidʒ] спадщина

e.g. We are interested in cultural and artistic heritage.

revive [ri'vaiv] відроджувати

e.g. Many names have been revived.

strech [stretʃ] простягатися, розкинутися

e.g. Ukraine streches for 1,316 km from west to east.

opportunity [,ͻpǝ'tju:niti] можливість

e.g. He had the opportunity to visit Kyiv.

resident ['rezidǝnt] мешканець, постійний житель

e. g. Its population is above 2.5 million residents.

sightseeing ['sait,si:iŋ] огляд визначних місць

e.g. Now we are going to continue our sightseeing of Kyiv.

2. Learn the following word-combinations:

the Supreme Council Верховна Рада

a national emblem державний герб

natural resources природні багатства

enormous tracts величезні масиви

fine pasture чудові пасовища

fertile black soil родючий чорнозем

non-ferrous metals кольорові метали

raw materials сировина

(to) display a keen interest виявляти великий інтерес

(to) translate into life впроваджувати в життя

(to) establish relations встановлювати відносини

(to) set contacts встановлювати зв'язки

(to) sign an agreement (treaty) підписувати угоду (договір)

(to) facilitate the growth сприяти зростанню

3. Make up sentences:

		a sovereign state.
		one of the largest European countries.
		the agricultural country.
		a multinational country.
		inexhaustible natural wealth.
Ukraine	is	many industrial raw materials.
Our country	has	metallurgical and heavy industries, mainly continental climate, rich deposits of iron, coal, gas, ores, many rivers, an advanced science.

4. Fill the blanks with the necessary words:

1. The square, the street and the park which I can... from my windows are becoming darker and looking still morebeautiful now. (see, look, watch) 2. The beauty of Ukraine was... in folk songs about the quite waters of the Desna river, the picturesque tops of the Carpathian Mountains, the blue-wood­land lakes and the vast Black Sea steppes, (praise, estimate, boast) 3. The students... in disputes, referendums and even campaigns dealing with environmental protection, (take part, participate, collaborate) 4. During our tour they... a special interest in historic monuments of Ukraine, (take, display, show)

5. Make up questions and let your fellow-students answer them:

		the territory of Ukraine?
		Ukraine rich in?
	Is	the population of Ukraine?
What	are	the highest body of state power in Ukraine? the achievements of Ukrainian scientists? the main rivers of Ukraine?

		an industrial, scientific centre of Ukraine?
		the capital of Ukraine?
		the seat of the Supreme Council?
Is	Kyiv	the seat of the Cabinet of Ministers?
		one of the most ancient cities?
		famous for its beauty?
		located on the picturesque banks of the Dnieper
		River?

6. Complete the following sentences:

1. Ukraine has its own territory, higher and local bodies of.... 2. The geographical position of Ukraine is very favourable for the.... 3. The population of Ukraine are....

4.The declaration of Ukrainian independence was....5.The Dnieper, the Dniester, the Bug are the major....6.Ukraine is rich in....

7. Translate into English:

1. Київ — одне з найкрасивіших міст у світі. Розки­нутий на мальовничих схилах Дніпра, він увесь потопає в зелені садів і парків. 2. Історія України тісно пов'яза­на з Києвом. 3. Хрещатик — головна вулиця Києва. 4. Київ відомий своїми архітектурними пам'ятками дав­нини.

8. Give synonyms to the words in bold type:

1. You can see here ancient monuments and modern new structures. 2. There are a lot of museums, palaces and monuments to see there. 3. Kyiv is a well-known indus­trial and scientific centre. 4. The main river in Ukraine is the Dnieper which divides it into two parts. 5. The State of Kyiv Rus situated on the territory of present Ukraine was set up in the 9th century.

9. Read and dramatize the following dialogues:

A: What country are you from?

В: I'm from the USA and Mrs. Hill is from Scotland.

A: Are you travelling together?

B: Yes, we are members of a tourist group.

A: Have you visited many places in Ukraine?

B: Quite a lot. We have been to Odesa, Kyiv, Kharkiv and the Crimea.

* * *

A: I'm from England. And you? Are you Russian?

В: No, I am Ukrainian. My name is Savchenko.

A: Glad to meet you, Mr. Savchenko. By the way I'm

going to visit your country soon.

B: Really? When?

A: Next month. I shall go by plane to Kyiv and by bus throughout Ukraine.

B: That's fine. I like travelling by bus. One can see more of the country.

A: I am going to see typical Ukrainian villages and large

industrial and cultural centres.

* * *

A: Hello. I'm so glad to meet you! I don't have any friends in this town. What's there to see here?

B: We have very many places of interest here. Every part of the town has something interesting or beautiful. I have my car at the door of the hotel. Let me take you around the city. This is Khreshchatyk. It's the main street of the city. There are apartment houses, shops and government offices here.

A: How long is it?

B: It's relatively short. It's only 1,200 metres long.

A: And what is that building?

B: It's the City Council.

A: And that building with columns?

B: That's the Kyiv State Chaikovsky Conservatory.

A: What parks are worth seeing in Kyiv?

B: Let's see Volodymyr Hill and First of May Park. We have a very beautiful view of the Dnieper from these places.

* * *

A. I'm going to visit Ukraine. Could you tell me what language is spoken there?

B: Ukrainian, of course.

A: I speak Russian a little. Will they understand me?

B: Yes, they will. Many people in Ukraine know Russian as well.

A: Thank you.

* * *

A: This is a letter for you.

B: Oh, who is it from, I wonder?

A: Come on, guess.

B: Is it England or foreign? Is it from New York?

A: It's from Ukraine. B: Is it from Kyiv? A: Yes, it is.

B: It must be from Barbara who is on a visit to Kyiv now.

10. Complete the following dialogue:

A: Sorry. I am a stranger in Kyiv and I've lost my way. Can you tell me the way to the Museum of Ukrainian Art?

B:...

A: Wouldn't it better for me to go there by trolleybus?

B:...

A: What is Kyiv famous for?

B:...

A: What would you recommend me to see first?

B:...

A: Thank you for your valuable advice.

11. Make up your own dialogues using the following expressions:

Sovereign state, proclaim, total area, population, rich deposits of iron, metals, coal, the geographical position, higher and local bodies of state power, national emblem, develop relations, high mountains, vast steppes, beautiful rivers, the flora and fauna.

12. Read and ask questions on the text:

UKRAINE

Ukraine is a self-contained, sovereign state. The Declara­tion of Ukrainian independence was proclaimed on August 24, 1991 by the Ukrainian Parliament.

Ukraine has its own territory, higher and local bodies of state power (the Supreme Council and local Councils), government, national emblem, state flag and anthem.

Ukraine is one of the largest European countries. Its total area is 603,700 square kilometres/Ukraine borders on the Russian Federation, Byelorussia, Moldova, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. Our country is washed by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov and it has very important ports.

The population of Ukraine is about 52 million people, among them are Ukrainians (73.6%), Russians (21.1%), Jews (1.3%), Byelorussians (0.8%). There are 24 administra­tive regions and the Crimean autonomous republic. The territory of our country has an astonishing variety of landscapes. We have high mountains, vast steppes, end­less forests, beautiful rivers and lakes. The largest lake of Ukraine is Swytyaz, its total area is 24.2 square kilo­metres and the depth is 58.5 metres. Ukraine has 131 rivers, among them are the Dnieper with its tributaries such as the Desna, the Prypyat, the Dniester, the Bug, the Do­nets/The Dnieper is the main river in Ukraine which divides the country into Right-bank and Left-bank territories.

The flora and fauna of our country are extremely rich. Almost all kinds of European animals and birds can be found on the territory of our vast land. Ukraine has inex­haustible natural wealth. It possesses enormous tracts of woodland, vast tracts of fertile arable lands and fine pas­tures.

Our country has many industrial raw materials, it has rich deposits of iron, metals, coal, oil, gas, different ores, marble and other natural resources. Ukraine has metallur­gical and heavy industries.

The fertile black soil and the favourable climate have long facilitated the growth of agriculture in Ukraine.

Ukraine has an ancient history. The State of Kyiv Rus situated on the territory of the present Ukraine was set up in the 9th century. It was a powerful feudal state with highly developed culture and various crafts widely known throughout Europe.

From the 13th century onwards Ukraine was continu­ously struggling against invasions by the Mongols, the Turks, the Crimean Tatars, Lithuanian and Polish rulers. The long struggle of the Ukrainian people for independence con­tinued victoriously under the leadership of B. Khmelnytsky.

Ukraine has its own original culture and art. Ukraine has many professional theatres and Philarmonic societies. The National Symphony Orchestra of Ukraine, the Gryhory Veryovka Ukrainian People's Choir, the Dance Com­pany of Ukraine are known not only in the country but all over the world.

Over the last years people of Ukraine display a keen interest in the Ukrainian history and artistic heritage. There is a new approach to the development of culture, arts and languages.

Ukraine pursues a policy of peace. Now Ukraine establishes new relations with countries throughout the world. It sets direct contacts with them signing agreements and treaties.

Ukraine has been and is being recognized by a vast num­ber of countries.

13. Read and retell the text:

KYIV

Kyiv is the capital of Ukraine and the seat of the Supreme Council and the Cabinet of Ministers.

Kyiv is one of the most ancient cities. In 1982 it was 1500 years old. It was called "the Mother of All Russian Cities". It has the population of above 2.5 million people. Its total area is 790 square kilometres.

Kyiv lies on both banks of the Dnieper, one of the longest rivers in Ukraine. Spreading over the picturesque hills of the Dnieper Kyiv is immersed in green parks and gardens. It is one of the greenest cities in the world, it has 18 square metres of greenery for a person.

Kyiv is an industrial, scientific and cultural centre of Uk­raine. Kyiv is one of the oldest cities and has many places of interest. Among them is the Golden Gate, which is about a thousand years old. Once it was the main entrance to the city. At that time Kyiv was the capital of the feudal state of Kyiv Rus, a large and powerful state. On the Sophia's Square there is St. Sophia's Cathedral. In the square, in front of the cathedral, there is the monument to Bogdan Khmelnytsky.

There is the monastery ensemble, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, which was founded in the 11th centuryi in Kyiv. Among the museums of Lavra is the museum of Ukrainian Folk De­corative Art, which comprises more than 50,000 exhibits. In the park of Immortal Glory there is the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, over which an eternal fire burns.Also in Kyiv you can see the monument to T. Shevchenko, the well-known poet and fighter for freedom. It stands in the park in front of the University. There are some other monuments in Kyiv — the monument to Lesya Ukrainka, the great Ukrainian poetess, the monument to N. Lysenko, the great Ukrainian composer and many others.

There are many fine museums in Kyiv: the State His­torical Museum, the Museum of Ukrainian Art and so on. Kyiv is a city of theatres. It is famous for its theatres such as the Taras Shevchenko Opera and Ballet Theatre, the Ivan Franko Ukrainian Drama Theatre, the Lesya Ukrainka Russian Drama Theatre and others.

Kyiv is the centre of science and education. Many scien­tific research institutes, colleges and universities are in Kyiv. Kyivites are proud of their city.

14. Read and discuss:

MY. TESTAMENT T. Shevchenko

When I am dead, then bary me

In mv beloved Ukraine,

My tomb upon, a grave mound high

Amid the speading plain,

So that the fields, the boundless steppes,

The Dnieper's plunging shore

My eyes could see, my ears could hear

The mighty river roar.

When from Ukraine the Dnieper bears

Into the deep blue sea

The blood of foes... then will I leave

These hills and fertile fields —

I'll leave them all and fly away

To the abode of God,

And then I'll pray. But till the day

I nothing know of God.

Oh, burry me, then rise yet up

And break your heavy chains

And water with the tyrants' blood

The freedom you have gained.

And in the great new family

The family of the free

With softly spoken, kindly word

Remember also me.

(Translated by John Weir)

THE GERUND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

1. Make up sentences:

I	insisted on	visiting the Academy of Sciences
He	suggested	reading Ukrainian newspapers.
She	agreed to	visiting a public library.
We	finished	collecting the harvest.
You	thought of	leaving for Kyiv.
They	continued	resting in the Crimea.
	enjoyed	learning Ukrainian poems.

2. State the form and syntactic function of the Gerund in the following sentences. Translate into Ukrainian:

1. He went on asking about the flora and fauna of Ukraine. 2. Repeating Ukrainian grammar is necessary for the students. 3. My hobby is learning Ukrainian poems by heart. 4. Are you pleased at being student of Kyiv University? 5. After reading the article about the natual resources of Ukraine I made a short summary of it. 6. Your coming to the Crimea is very desirable. 7. We insist upon your staying in this ancient Ukrainian city. 8. I remember his having been interested in the history of Ukraine in his childhood. 9. They spoke about their travelling to the South of Ukraine.

3. Transform the sentences using the Gerund instead of the Infinitive according to the model:

Model: We continue to study Ukrainian.

— We continue studying Ukrainian.

1. My sister began to work in this beautiful Ukrainian city five years ago. 2. She has just finished to read the article about the natural resources of Ukraine. 3. We preferred to go to Kyiv by plane. 4. I have just begun to translate the text into Ukrainian. 5. My father intends to spend his holidays in the Crimea.

4. Make the sentences interrogative:

1. Reading Ukrainian technical magazines is important for an engineer 2. I know of his having been appointed to a new job in Odesa. 3. Instead of restoring the old theatre they decided to build a new one in the centre of this town.4.I remember attending his lectures on the history of Ukraine. 5. We know of his having been sent to work to the North of the country. 6. In copying this text he made a few mistakes in Ukrainian. 7. Developing the agriculture is very important. 8. They think of going to the T. Shev­chenko Opera and Ballet Theatre tomorrow. 9. After grad­uating from Kyiv University she worked as a teacher of Ukrainian.

5. Complete the following sentences:

1. After having set contacts with.... 2. Developing heavy industry.... 3. Nowdays the Ukrainian engineers prefer using.... 4. After returning to the Crimea.... 5. After graduating from the Institute....6. We think of going.... 7. They continue travelling...

6. Ask your friend:

· if he likes reading the Ukrainian books;

· if he intends going to Lviv this year;

· if he dreams of entering Kyiv Medical University;

· if he is sure of passing his examination in Ukrainiai well;

· whether the Ukrainian film he saw last is worth see­ing;

· whether the book by this modern Ukrainian author he read last is worth reading.

7. Paraphrase the sentences using gerundial com­plexes according to the model:

Model: I want him to visit Kyiv.

— I insist on his visiting Kyiv.

1. I want you to recite the poem by T. Shevchenko. 2. They wanted me to make a report "Kyiv is the capital of Ukraine". 3. I want you to stay in Dnipropetrovsk for a long time. 4. The teacher wanted the student to explain this rule in Ukrainian. 5. My mother wants me to visit the Museum of Ukrainian Art. 6. I want her to be sent to the conference in Kharkiv.

8. Change the following complex sentences into simple ones using gerundial complexes according to the model:

Model: When this Ukrainian actor sings, I enjoy it.

— I enjoy his singing.

1. When our Ukrainian football players win the match, we are proud of them.2. When Ukrainian actors dance, I enjoy it. 3. When Jane had failed at the examination in the Ukrainian literature, we were surprised at it. 4. If you pass your examination in English well, I'll be proud of you.

9. Translate into English:

1. Я пам'ятаю, що бачила його в Києві. 2. Мені дивно, що українські футболісти програли міжнародний матч. 3. Вона сказала, що читала ці українські журнали. 4. Я не міг підготувати доповідь про екологічну ситуацію в Україні, не прочитавши цих статей. 5. У неї не було надії купити квиток на виставу за участю українських акторів. 6. Закінчивши університет у Чернівцях, його брат повернувся в своє рідно село працювати вчителем. 7. Давнє українське місто Львів варто відвідати. 8. Вони не заперечують проти того, щоб ми приєдналися до їхньої екскурсії в Карпати. 9. Дякую за те, що Ви показали мені дорогу на Хрещатик. 10. Ваша поїздка історични­ми місцями України залежить від того, чи дістане вона квитки.

UKRAINE

EXERCISES