Now choose one of these to complete each sentence below. Use reported speech

Bill was taking a long time to get ready, so I told him to hurry up.

1. Sarah was driving too fast, so I asked __

2. Sue was very pessimistic about the situation. I told __

3. I couldn't move the piano alone, so I __

4. The customs officer looked at me suspiciously and __

5. I had difficulty understanding him, so I __

6. I didn't want to delay Ann, so I __

7. John was very much in love with Mary, so he __

8. He started asking me personal questions, so __

5. Change into REPORTED SPEECH:

1. Bob says, “I want to play tennis this afternoon.”

___________________________________________________

2. John says, “I haven’t seen my grandmother for a long time.”

___________________________________________________

3. Cindy says to Alan, “Don’t come in with your dirty shoes.”

___________________________________________________

4. My father says, “Please, help me in the garden.”

___________________________________________________

5. “Don’t wipe your dirty fingers on my clean table cloth.” says his mother.

____________________________________________________

6. “When does the bell ring?” asks John.

____________________________________________________

7. Sandy asks Danny, “Why didn’t you tell her the truth?”

____________________________________________________

8. “How long have you waited for me?”

____________________________________________________

6. Change into REPORTED SPEECH:

You can use AND, BUT, BECAUSE, ADD to join the sentences.

1. Brenda said to Jimmy, “Please, turn off the TV. The film is boring.”

2. “Wash your face and say GOOD MORNING to everybody.” says his mother.

3. “Do your homework again. There are a lot of mistakes.” says the teacher to Kate.

4. “Don’t waste your time! Finish studying.” says Mrs. Dawson to Barbara.

5. “Brush your teeth. They look very dirty.” Her mother says to her.

6. “Look out! There is a truck coming.” Kevin said to his daughter.

7. Janet told David, “This book looks boring. Give me another, please.”

8. Mrs. Abbot told Jack, “Your hair is very long. Go and have a hair cut.”

9. Mrs. Denman says to her son, “It is very hot. Don’t play in the sun.”

10. Mr. Newman said to Nicky, “Don’t make a lot of noise. I want to listen to the news.”

11. “Don’t turn it up. I have a headache.” says the mother.

12. Sue told Andy, “Don’t shout! I’m not a deaf.”

13. Terry said to Ashley, “Don’t speak German. Speak English. They can’t understand you.”

14. “Please, be quiet! The baby is sleeping.” says Mrs. Newton to the children.

15. “Will you please move aisde? I can’t watch television.” says John.

16. Mark said, “I want to buy a new car. Ours is very old and spends a lot of petrol.”

17. Tom said to Carol, “Can I borrow your dictionary. Mine is at home.”

18. “Your hands are very dirty. Go to the bathroom and wash them.” says her mother.

19. Sandy said to Danny, “Does your mother work? I see her on the bus everyday.”

20. Tom told Jane, “I’m bored. Can we go to the cinema?”

21. Sam said to Kate, “I’m broke. Can you lend me some money?”

22. Mother said to her son, “Your friends are playing in the garden. Don’t you want to play with them?”

23. Jim says to his son, “When will you go? You are very late for school.”

24. “What have you cooked? I feel very hungry.” Tony said to his mother.

25. “Why don’t you wash your car? It looks very dirty.” Mrs. Dawson said to John.

7. Read the following quotes which were given to the press. Who do you think said them: a film star, the manager of a sports team, or a politician. Report them:

1. ‘Yes, you are right. It was a disappointing game, but I’m fairly happy with the result.’

2. ‘The minister is lying now, he has lied in the past, and he will continue to lie in the future.’

3. ‘No, I won’t answer any questions about my relationship with Shana Lane. I want to make that absolutely clear.’

4. ‘Speak up, please. All that shouting I did in the second half has made me a bit deaf.’

5. ‘Why don’t you stop criticising the government and write about its achievements?’

6. ‘I’m sorry I hit the photographer at the Oscar ceremony. He was only doing his job, I guess.’

7. ‘No, I did not swear at the referee. I was only giving him a little advice.’

8. ‘Despite what has been written about my future, I am very happy here and have no intention of leaving the club.’

Unit 12. Nouns and articles

What is a noun?

Nouns can be proper nouns and common nouns.

Proper noun is the name of place, person or thing that is unique and distinct as opposed to many of that kind, e.g. Peter Harrison, London, Mars, Black Sea etc. All words in a proper noun are started with capital letters.

Common nouns are the most basic categories naming people, places and things which form a class of things. Common nouns are generic in nature, e.g. a man, an apple, a planet, a city etc.

Nouns are divided into

countable uncountable

(nouns which we can count) (nouns which we cannot count)

a banana, a ball, a girl etc. rice, sugar, water etc.

Countable nouns can be singular and plural

Example: an orange – oranges; a dog – dogs; a toy -toys (exceptions: a man - men, a woman – women, a child – children, a foot – feet, a goose – geese, a mouse – mice, an ox – oxen etc.)

Uncountable nouns can be singular but not plural. We can’t say one water, two waters.

Common uncountable nouns include:

· most substances: coal, china, flour etc.

· abstract nouns: happiness, admiration, freedom, all sports etc.

· most nouns ending in -ing – shopping, sightseeing etc.

* Some nouns can be countable and uncountable with a slight change in meaning, e.g.

She has grey hair. There are hairs on your jumper.

* Some nouns can be countable and uncountable but completely change their meaning, e.g.

What’s the capital of your country?

The company has very little capital to work with.

* Some nouns with a singular form can be treated as singular or plural, depending on whether the noun is seen as a unit or a collection of people, e.g.

The class is/are doing exams at present.

* Some nouns look plural but take a singular verb, e.g.

The news is on at 8.00 p.m.

* Some nouns look singular but take a plural verb, e.g.

The police are involved in trying to catch the thief.

Countable and uncountable nouns are used with different articles.

Countable	Uncountable
We can use a / an with singular countable nouns, e.g. a book, a monkey, a child, a chair	We don't usually use a / anwith uncountable nouns, e.g. s and, snow, water, juice but a drop of water, a glass of juice. We can use thewith uncountable nouns, e.g. This is the milk I bought in the supermarket.
We can use someand any with plural countable nouns, e.g. They bought some chairsyesterday. They don't know any facts about that. We also use many, a large number of, several, a few, few, a lot of with plural countable nouns, e.g. I know many stories about his adventures.	We can use someand anywith uncountable nouns, e.g. Give me some water, please. They didn't give us any information, did they? We also use much, a great deal of, a large amount of, little, a little, a lot ofwith uncountable nouns, e.g. There's much snow outside.
The use of articles
The use of articles with proper names
the	zero article
organizations, government, committees, clubs,foundations (the United Nations, the British Parliament)	schools, colleges, universities, academies (Ford High school, Boston college but the George Washington University, the Sorbonne, the University of California etc.)
museums, galleries, monuments, memorials, cathedrals, palaces (the National Gallery, the Pyramids butStonehedge, Westminster Abbey)	companies, corporations, businesses, firms (P rocter and Gamble butthe Ford Motor Company, the World Bank)
bridges (the Brooklyn Bridge butLondon Bridge, Tower Bridge)	parks, national parks, gardens, squares (Hyde Park, Red Square butthe Cathedral Square)
hotels (the Hilton Hotel)	airports (He a throw airport butthe Sheremetyevo International Airport)
newspapers (the Washington post)	magazines (Reader's Digest)
conferences, documents (the Moscow Summit	holidays (New Year's Eve butthe Cherry Festival)
	languages (English, Italian butthe English language etc.)

So how to choose a necessary article, look at the following table. It will help you to do it.

To sum it up look at the following graph.

The possessive Case of nouns:

Possession in English can be expressed in three different ways – using an apostrophe, using of and using a noun as an adjective.

* For people and expressions concerning time and distance an apostrophe is usually used, e.g.

my uncle’s sister

the boy’s bike

a year’s bonus

* For objects of is usually used, e.g.

the back of the room

the cover of the book

* A noun is often used as an adjective to indicate kind, use or place, e.g.

a table leg

a night fight

a shop window

Let’s practice:

1. Some of the sentences below contain common mistakes connected with countable and uncountable nouns. Correct the sentences which are wrong:

1. Put those scissors in the drawer for me, will you?

2. How many luggage did you bring with you?

3. This lift is for eight persons only.

4. The news this morning were terrible – more price rises and a teachers’ strike.

5. Go out and get a paper for me, will you? I need to see what the news are.

6. Marco Polo set off on his travels from Venice.

7. Drivers should watch out for roadworks on the M25 this morning.

8. Equipments for camping can be found on the ground floor of the building.

9. My advice to you is to keep quiet about what is happening in the office.

10. Peoples from all over the world are represented at the Games.

11. Information about gallery opening times are available on the Internet.

12. The fishmonger weighed out three kilos of fishes.

13. Look at the dirt on this floor!

14. The scenaries in New Zealand are spectacular.

2. Complete the following sentences using an apostrophe, of, or a noun as an adjective:

1. (seat, back) Can I sit in the …....... on the way home?

2. (boss, wife) His …....is in hospital having a baby.

3. (room, corner) The boy was sitting in the.......... /

4. (day, pay) When is ….......?

5. (week, holiday) Mary only had one …..... last year.

6. (wine, glass) Would you prefer a …......or a tumbler for your drink?

7. (delay, moment) The decision was taken without a...............

8. (Anne, best friend) …..........has just got a job in Milan.

9. (door, handle) Take care with that …......... - it’s loose.

10. (field, sports) The team went out onto the.............., wearing their new strip.

3. Match the noun with its special word:

a burst of a pane of a stroke of a grain of a gust of a speck of a stream of a ray of a source of an item of a rumble of a puff of a state of

glass smoke abuse dust thunder luck emergency wind sunshine applause sand amusement clothing/news

4. Work in pairs. Tell your partner about some accident which happened to you using some of the expressions from exercise 3.

Example: Once I was wandering in the forest when a strong wind began to blow. It happened so that a gust of wind....

5. Alex and Martina are living together. Read their phone conversation. Fill in the gaps with some, any or a:

M: Hi, I’m at the supermarket. Have we got ….....bread?

A: Yes, we’ve got …. bread, but we haven’t got …....butter.

M: OK, so we need …......butter. Is there …...milk?

A: No, there isn’t. Andwe need …......meat and …..eggs.

M: Right, have we got …...fruit?

A: We’ve got …..big bag of oranges, but we haven’t got …....apples.

M: OK, I’ll get ….......more fruit. And …......cheese.

A: And can you get …..big bottle of water too?

M: Yes, OK. See you later. Bye.

6. Imagine the same situation in your family. Work in pairs and decide what you should buy at the supermarket asking your partner questions.

7. Put in A / AN or THE. Sometimes you don’t need either word – you leave it blank”:

1. There was ………….. waiter standing at ………… entrance of ………… restaurant. I ordered him ……….. glass of ………. vodka with some juice in it.

2. There was ……….. question I wanted to ask ……….. biology teacher about ………. cangroo. She had said ………… cangroo carried her baby in ……….. kind of bag in ………. front part of ……….. her body. I wanted to know how many baby cangroos it could carry at ……….. time.

3. “Is that your wife?”

“No, my wife’s ………. woman in ………. red dress.”

4. I work with ………. man and two women. ………. man is quite nice, but ………. women

are not very friendly.

5. What’s in ……… newspaper?

6. Can you show me ………. that book, please?

7. What’s ………. name of ………. woman in ………. blue dress?

8. ……….. water turns into ……….. ice at 0 degree C.

9. I like ………… steak, but I don’t like ……….. eggs.

10. She lives in ………… nice flat on ………. fifth floor of ……….. old house.

11. It’s terrible - ……….. eggs are $ 2 ……….. dozen.

12. There was ………. boy and ………. girl in the room. ……….. boy was Japanese but ……….. girl looked foreign. She was wearing ………… fur coat.

13. This morning I bought …………. newspaper and ……….. magazine. ………. newspaper is in my bag but I don’t know where ………… magazine is.

14. “Have you got ………. car?”

“No, I’ve never had …………. car in my life.”

15. We don’t go to ……….. cinema very much these days. In fact, in ………. town where we

live there isn’t ………… cinema.

16. Don’t stay in that hotel. ………… beds are very uncomfortable.

17. After I leave ………… school, I want to go to ………… university.

8. Put in A / AN or THE. Sometimes you don’t need either word – you leave it blank:

1. John Colloway is …………. bank manager. He works in ………… bank in ……… center of ……… London. Every morning he gets up at seven o’clock, has ……… breakfast and ……… cup of ……….. coffee, and reads ……….”Times”. Then he goes to ………. work by …….. bus. In ………. morning, he usually makes ……….. telephone calls, sees ……….. customers and ………… dictates ………… letters. He has ………. lunch at ……….. restaurant near ……… bank. In ……….. afternoon he works until five or five-thirty, and then goes ………. home. He doesn’t work on ……….. Saturdays or Sundays; he goes to ………… cinema or reads. He likes …………. novels and ……….. history. He is not married. He has ……….. sister in ………. Oxford and ……….. brother in ……….. London.

2. Have you got ……….. camera?

3. You need ………. visa to visit ……….. foreign countries, but not all of them.

4. When we reached the city center, ………… shops were still open but most of them were already closed.

5. Jack has got ……….. very long legs, so he’s ……….. fast runner.

6. I’m looking for ………… job. And did Ann get ………. job she applied for?

7. Did ………. police find ………. person who stole your bicycle?

8. We went out for ………… meal last night. ………… restaurant we went to was excellent.

9. This morning I had ……….. boiled egg and toast for breakfast.

10. Tom always gives Ann …………. flowers on her birthday.

11. I went into the shop and asked to speak to ……….. manager.

12. There’s no need to buy any milk. …………. milkman brings it every morning.

13. It was warm and sunny, so we decided to sit in ………… garden.

14. Jane is ……….. teacher. Her parents were ……….. teachers too.

15. Bill’s got ……….. big feet.

16. Would you like to be ……….. actor?

9. Put a suitable article into the blanks:

1. My neighbour is ……….. photographer; let’s ask him for ……….. advice about colour films.

2. I had ……… very bad night; I didn’t sleep ………. wink.

3. He is ………… vegeterian; you won’t get ………. meat at his house.

4. ………… youngest boy has just started going to ……….. school; ………. eldest boy is at ………… college.

5. I went to ………… school to talk to ………… headmistress. I persuaded her to let Ann give up …………. gymnastics and take ………. ballet lessons instead.

6. There was ………. knock on ………. door. I opened it and found ………… small dark man in ………. check overcoat and ……… soft hat.

7. - Are John and Mary ……….. cousins?

- No, they aren’t ………. cousins; they are ……….. brother and ……… sister.

8. ……….. postman’s little boy says that he’d rather be ………… dentist than ……….. doctor, because …………. dentists don’t get called out at ……….. night.

9. - Would you like to hear ………… story about ……….. Englishman, …………. Irishman and ………. Scotsman?

- No. I’ve heard ……….. stories about ……….. Englishmen, ………… Irishmen and ………… Scotsmen before and they are all ……….. same.

10. “………. modern burglars don’t hide under ………. beds.” said her daughter.

11. ……….. most of ………… stories that ………… people tell about ……….. Irish aren’t true.

12. Like many women, she loves ……….. tea parties and ………… gossip.

13. On ……….. Sundays my father stays in …………. bed till ten o’clock, reading ………. Sunday papers.

14. I have ……….. little money left; let’s have dinner in ……….. restaurant.

15. - I hope you have ………… lovely time and ………… good weather.

- But I’m not going for ………… holiday; I’m going on …………. business.

16. During ………. meal he gives her ………. instructions about ………. garden and she tells him ………. village gossip.

17. My mother goes to …………church in …………. morning, and in ………… afternoon goes to visit ………… friends.

10. Some of the blank spaces below need ARTICLES, others do not. Fill in the articles where needed:

1. Tobacco is one of ………… most important products of ……….. South.

2. …………. fresh air is needed by all people.

3. …………. cotton which comes from ………… Alabama is better than ………. cotton which comes from ………… Oklahoma.

4. ………… air in this room is fresh.

5. ………. important products which we ger from ………… India are ……….. tea, ……… cotton, and ………… rice.

6. …………. telephone seldom rings in our home.

7. …………. silver is …………. conductor of …………. electricity.

8. I get on ………… train at ………… same place every day.

9. ………… rain and ………… sun are needed for …………. raising of………. vegetables.

10. Mary is waving to us from across …………. street.

11. ………… sun is shining but part of ………… sky is still covered with clouds.

12. …………. women use much make-up.

13. Sometimes everyone must take ………… medicine.

14. …………. coffee will keep you awake all night.

15. …………. medicine which ………….. doctor prescribed helped me.

16. …………. tea seems to keep some people awake.

17. He likes to study ………….. French.

18. …………. coffee is very strong.

19. In that course, we study …………. history of all ………… important countries of Asia.

20. ……. coffee which comes from Brazil is ………… best.

11. Some of the blank spaces below need ARTICLES, others do not. Fill in the articles where needed:

1. He went to ………… Spain last month.

2. When you go to …………. Spain, be sure to see …………. Madrid.

3. He works in ………… building on ………… corner of ………. Tenth Ave. and 62^nd St.

4. ………… Tokyo is ………… largest city in ……….. World.

5. ………… traffic on ………… Jones Avenue is heavy.

6. ………… Miami is ………… center of ………… tobacco industry.

7. ……… Rio Grande River forms …………. boundary between ………. U.S. and Mexico.

8. ………… rivers of …………..eastern part of …………. United States flow toward …………. East Coast.

9. …………. largest river in …………. America is …………. Mississippi.

10. …………. New York subway trains are very comfortable.

11. …………. climate of ……….. southern Florida is very nice all year.

12. …………. capital of …………. France is ………… Paris, but ………. capital of ………. England is London.

13. ………… Tenth Street has some very nice shops.

14. Some of …………. Tenth Street shops are very inexpensive, too.

15. ………….. President will be on ……….. TV tonight.

11. Quiz time.

Extra practice:

1. Some of these sentences need a/an. Correct the sentences which are wrong. If the sentence is already correct, put 'RIGHT':

Jim goes everywhere by bike. He hasn't got car.- a car

1. Ann was listening to music when I arrived.

2. We went to very nice restaurant last weekend.

3. I clean my teeth with toothpaste.

4. I use toothbrush to clean my teeth.

5. Can you tell me if there's bank near here?

6. My brother works for insurance company in London.

7. I don't like violence.

8. Can you smell paint?

9. We need petrol. I hope we come to petrol station soon.

10. I wonder if you can help me. I have problem.

11. John has got interview for job tomorrow.

12. Liz doesn't usually wear jewellery but yesterday she was wearing necklace.

2. Complete the sentences using one of the following words. Use a/an where necessary:

accident biscuit blood coat decision electricity key letter moment question sugar

It wasn't your fault. It was an accident.

1. Listen! Can you hear music?

2. I couldn't get into the house because I didn't have __.

3. It's very warm today. Why are you wearing __?

4. Do you take __ in your coffee?

5. Are you hungry? Would you like __ with your coffee?

6. Our lives would be very difficult without __.

7. I didn't phone them. I wrote __ instead.

8. The heart pumps __ through the body.

9. Excuse me, but can I ask you __?

10. I'm not ready yet. Can you wait. __ please?

11. We can't delay much longer. We have to make __ soon.

3. Complete the sentences using one of the following words. Sometimes the word needs to be plural (-s):

air country day friend meat language letter patience people photograph queue space

I had my camera but I didn't take many photographs.

1. There are seven __ in a week.

2. A vegetarian is a person who doesn't eat __.

3. Outside the cinema there was__ of people waiting to see the film.

4. I'm not very good at writing __.

5. Last night I went out with some __ of mine.

6. There were very few __ in the shops today. They were almost empty.

7. I'm going out for a walk. I need some fresh__.

8. George always wants things quickly. He's got no __.

9. Do you speak any foreign __?

10. Jane travels a lot. She has been to many__.

11. Our flat is very small. We haven't got much __.

4. Which of the underlined parts of these sentences is correct?

'Did you hear noise/a noise just now?' 'No, I didn't hear anything.' ('a noise' is correct)

1. a. If you want to know the news, you can read _paper/a paper.

b. I want to write some letters but I haven't got _a paper/any paper_ to write on.

2. a. I thought there was somebody in the house because there was _light/a light_ on inside.

b. _Light/A light_ comes from the sun.

3. a. I was in a hurry this morning. I didn't have _time/a time_ for breakfast.

b. 'Did you enjoy your holiday?' 'Yes, we had _wonderful time/a wonderful time._'

4. Sue was very helpful. She gave us some very useful _advice/advices._

5. We had _very good weather/a very good weather_ while we were on holiday.

6. We were very unfortunate. We had _bad luck/a bad luck._

7. It's very difficult to find a _work/job_ at the moment.

8. Our _travel/journey_ from London to Istanbul by train was very tiring.

9. When the fire alarm rang, there was _total chaos/a total chaos._

10. I had to buy _a/some_ bread because I wanted to make some sandwiches.

11. Bad news _don't/doesn't_ make people happy.

12. _Your hair is/Your hairs are_ too long. You should have it/them cut.

13. Nobody was hurt in the accident but _the damage/the damages_ to the car _was/were_ quite bad.

5. Complete the sentences using these words. Sometimes you need the plural (-s):

chair experience experience furniture hair information job luggage permission progress work

1. I didn't have much __just two small bags.

2. They'll tell you all you want to know. They'll give you plenty of ___.

3. There is room for everybody to sit down. There are plenty of __.

4. We have no __, not even a bed or a table.

5. 'What does Alan look like?' He's got a long beard and very short __.

6. Carla's English is better than it was. She's made __.

7. George is unemployed. He's looking for a __.

8. George is unemployed. He's looking for __.

9. If you want to leave work early, you have to ask for___.

10. I don't think Ann will get the job. She hasn't got enough __.

11. Rita has done many interesting things. She should write a book about her ___.

6. What do you say in these situations? Complete the sentences using one of the words from exercise 5:

Your friends have just arrived at the station. You can't see any suitcases or bags.

You ask them: Have _you got luggage?

1. You go into the tourist office. You want to know about places to see in the town. You say:

I'd like__

2. You are a student at school. You want your teacher to advise you about which examinations to take. You say:

Can you give me __?

3. You want to watch the news on TV but you don't know what time it is on. You ask your friend:

What time __?

4. You are standing at the top of a mountain. You can see a very long way. It is lovely. You say:

It _______________________________, isn't it?

5. You look out of the window. The weather is horrible: cold, wet and windy. You say to your friend:

What _____________________________!

7. Put in a/an or the.

1. This morning I bought _a_ newspaper and __ magazine __newspaper is in my bag but I don't know where I put __ magazine.

2. I saw __ accident this morning __ car crashed into __ tree. __ driver of __ car wasn't hurt but __ car was badly damaged.

3. There are two cars parked outside: __ blue one and __ grey one. --- blue one belongs to my neighbours; I don't know who __ owner of __grey one is.

4. My friends live in __ old house in __ small village. There is __ beautiful garden behind __ house. I would like to have __garden like that.

8. Put in a/an or the.

1. a. This house is very nice. Has it got __ garden?

b. It's a beautiful day. Let's sit in __ garden.

c. I like living in this house but it's a pity that __ garden is so small.

2. a. Can you recommend __ good restaurant?

b. We had dinner in __ very nice restaurant.

c. We had dinner in __ most expensive restaurant in town.

3. a. She has __ French name but in fact she's English, not French.

b. What's __ name of that man we met yesterday?

c. We stayed at a very nice hotel - I can't remember __ name now.

4. a. There isn't __ airport near where I live __ nearest airport is 70 miles away.

b. Our plane was delayed. We had to wait at__ airport for three hours.

c. Excuse me, please. Can you tell me how to get to __ airport?

5. a. 'Are you going away next week?' 'No, __ week after next.'

b. I'm going away for__ week in September.

c. George has a part-time job. He works three mornings __ week.

9. Put in a/an or the in these sentences where necessary:

1. Would you like apple? _an apple._

2. How often do you go to dentist? __

3. Could you close door, please? __

4. I'm sorry. I didn't mean to do that. It was mistake __

5. Excuse me, where is bus station, please? __

6. I've got problem. Can you help me? __

7. I'm just going to post office. I won't be long __

8. There were no chairs, so we had to sit on floor. __

9. Have you finished with book I lent you? __

10. My sister has just got job in bank in Manchester. __

11. We live in small flat near city centre. __

12. There's small supermarket at end of street I live in __

10. Put in the or a/an where necessary. If no word is necessary, leave the space empty(-):

1. A: Where did you have __ lunch?

B: We went to__ restaurant.

2. A: Did you have __ nice holiday?

B: Yes, 'it was __ best holiday I've ever had.

3. A: Where's nearest shop?

B: There's one at __ end of this street.

4. A: Do you often listen to radio?

B: No. In fact I haven't got radio.

5. A: Would you like to travel in __ space?

B: Yes, I'd love to go to __ moon.

6. A: Do you go to __ cinema very often?

B: No, not very often. But I watch a lot of films on __ television.

7. A: It was __ nice day yesterday, wasn't it?

B: Yes, it was beautiful. We went for a walk by __ sea.

8. A: What did you have for__breakfast this morning?

B: Nothing. I never eat __ breakfast.

9. A: Can you tell me where __ Room 25 is, please?

B: It's on __ second floor.

10. A: We spent all our money because we stayed at __ most expensive hotel in town.

B: Why didn't you stay at __ cheaper hotel?

11. Put in the or a/an where necessary. If the sentence is already correct, put 'RIGHT':

1. Sun is star.

2. Tim lives in small village in country.

3. Moon goes round earth every 27 days.

4. What is highest mountain in world?

5. I'm fed up with doing same thing every day.

6. It was very hot day. It was hottest day of year.

7. I don't usually have lunch but I always eat good breakfast.

8. If you live in foreign country, you should try and learn language.

9. We missed our train because we were waiting on wrong platform. We were on Platform 3 instead of Platform 8.

12. Complete the sentences using one of the following. Use the where necessary:

(the) basketball (the) questions (the) history (the) hotels (the) meat (the) lies (the) information (the) patience (the) people (the) water (the) grass (the) spiders

1. My favourite sport is __.

2. ___ we were given wasn't correct.

3. Many people are afraid of __.

4. A vegetarian is somebody who doesn't eat__.

5. The test wasn't very difficult. I answered all __ without difficulty.

6. Do you know ___ who live next door?

7. __ is the study of the past.

8. George always tells the truth. He never tells __.

9. We couldn't find anywhere to stay in the town. All ___ were full.

10. __ in the pool didn't look very clean, so we didn't go for a swim.

11. Don't sit on __. It's wet after the rain.

12. You need ___ to teach young children.

13. Put in the where necessary. Leave a space (-) if the sentence is already complete:

1. Who is __ Doctor Johnson?

2. I was ill, so I went to see __ doctor.

3. __President is the most powerful person in __ United States.

4.__ President Kennedy was assassinated in 1963.

5. Do you know __ Wilsons? They're a very nice couple.

6. Do you know __ Professor Brown's phone number?

14. Some of these sentences are correct, but some need the (perhaps more than once). Correct the sentences where necessary. Put 'RIGHT' if the sentence is already correct:

1. Everest was first climbed in 1953.

2. Milan is in north of Italy.

3. Africa is much larger than Europe.

4. Last year I visited Mexico and United States.

5. South of England is warmer than north.

6. Portugal is in western Europe.

7. France and Britain are separated by Channel.

8. Jim has travelled a lot in Middle East.

9. Chicago is on Lake Michigan.

10. The highest mountain in Africa is Kilimanjaro (5,895 meters).

11. Next year we are going skiing in Swiss Alps.

12. United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

13. Seychelles are a group of islands in Indian Ocean.

14. River Volga flows into Caspian Sea.

Unit 13. Adjectives and adverbs

Adjective	Adverb
describes a person, a place or a thing and goes before a noun   Example: a clever man, a beautiful girl, a naughty child	describes a verb, an adjective or another adverb and answers the questions: How? How often? When? Where? Example: The boy plays the drums loudly.
	1) most adverbs add- ly to the adjective (badly) 2) adjectives ending in y →i (happy – happily) 3) irregular adverbs: good - well fast - fast hard - hard

Adjectives

gradable	Non-gradable
can be combined with an adverb like reasonably or extremely etc to quantify that adjective, e.g. fairly happy, rather irritable	can be combined with adverbs like absolutely or totally to add emphasis, e.g. absolutely furious, slightly frustrated
adverbs	gradable adjectives	adverbs	Non-gradable adjectives
deeply extremely fairly immensely rather very	angry cheerful happy hurt irritable upset	absolutely completely entirely totally utterly	awful broken-hearted impossible terrible wonderful
pretty(informal English) It’s pretty amazing that someone who was at death’s door three months ago has just run the London marathon! really I’ve just had a really awful run-in with Duncan over his marketing plan. quite I’m quite busy at work at the moment. You’re quite impossible at times.

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Put more/most before one syllable adjectives which are past participles, e.g.

tired – more tired – the most tired

lost – more lost – the most lost

Use less or least before any adjective to make it weaker, e.g.

famous – less famous

To talk about a large difference, use a lot or much, e.g.

It’s a lot more expensive than that one.

To talk about a small difference, use a little or not much, e.g.

These shoes are a little cheaper than those ones.

To say there is no difference, use as.........as, e.g.

This blouse is as tight on me as that one.

To make the adjective weaker, use not as.....as, e.g.

The film is not as good as I expected.

Adverbs form degrees of comparison in the same way as adjectives, e.g.

fast – faster – fastest

often – more often -most often