Task 6. Fill in the correct words (not all words are needed) from the previous exercise into the gaps below

1. Marx used the term ___________ to describe the human loss of control over the forces of industrial society.

2. It’s a huge ___________ to know that your workers are safe.

3. Nevertheless, in spite of all the advertising _________ to the contrary, it still takes time to launder clothes, clean floors, and scrub the stains out of the kitchen sink.

4. __________ and leisure have become more widely available in all social classes, and prestige today is more likely to come from one's occupation than from one's use of leisure.

5. I’ve had __________ little sleep over the last few days, because of the overload at work.

Task 7. Fill in the correct word from the box into the gaps below.

decline occupation eliminate human beings surveys enroll reflect apathetic evidence self-esteem

1. Because work is an important source of identity and _______, loss of work is a devastating blow.

2. Bored and __________ workers are not only un­happy with their jobs, they are less efficient and productive.

3. One way to improve work is to _________ bor­ing and unpleasant jobs.

4. Although robots are far more productive than __________ in some jobs, they are too expensive and exotic for most purposes.

5. Other experts are predicting that employ­ment in service industries will also __________ because of office automation.

6. Many _________ have shown that people who do highly complex and difficult work are much happier than everyone else.

7. Although unions ________ only a minority of the work force, their members are generally the best paid and best protected workers.

8. As we have already noted sports _________ and reinforce many American values.

9. All in all, the _________ is that most Ameri­cans are consumers of sports rather than active participants.

10. Recreation and leisure have become more widely available in all social classes, and prestige today is more likely to come from one's ________ than from one's use of leisure.

Task 8. Are the following statements about the text true (T) or false (F)?

1.	A gradual decrease in working hours over the past century has reduced the average work week by about 25 hours since the 1890s.	T / F
2.	The best way to measure leisure is to identify it with free time.	T / F
3.	Housework today is more laborious and less productive than it was at the turn of the cen­tury.	T / F
4.	Leisure – is a life of ease, abundance, and complete idleness.	T / F
5.	The leisure industry was born in the first half of the nineteenth century.	T / F

Task 9. Now look again at the text and match column A with column B. Then explain meanings of expressions.

1.	Country	A.	choice
2.	individual	B.	time
3.	Spare	C.	industry
4.	Social	D.	class
5.	amusement	E.	hours
6.	Leisure	F.	fairs
7.	Working	J.	park

Task 10. Rearrange the letters to form a word used in the text, then match the word to its definition.

	oialremcmc		А. performances that people enjoy
	itetennrteman		B.all the people who live in a particular area
	Kepocwrla		C. the place where you work
	uapltonpoi		D.in or related to the area that you live in, or to the particular area that you are talking about
	Oalcl		E.a group of people meeting together
	Trihgegna		F. produced in order to be sold
	ecenmtahevi		J.unusual in a way that surprises or impresses you
	alebarmker		H.a particular thing that you have achieved

Task 11. Read the text from this unit again. Match the beginning of the sentence with their endings.

1.	Some people have a great deal of free time	A.	leisure activities are similar and daily life is not clearly divided between the two.
2.	According to the spillover hypothesis, for example, aliena­tion from work carries	B.	compensatory leisure hypothesis.
3.	The first is the ex­tension pattern, in which at least some work and	C.	or semi-skilled manual workers, who find their jobs boring but not oppressive.
4.	This pattern is typical of people in “grey” jobs, such as routine clerical	D.	but relatively little leisure.
5.	This pattern corresponded to the C	E.	over into the rest of life and the drudgery we do on the job has a men­tally stultifying effect.

Task 12. Use the words from the right side to make the expressions with the words from the left side. Then translate them into Ukrainian.

Social	Time
Free	Increase
Leisure	Line
Sociological	Life
Dramatic	Activities
Assembly	Theories

v

In this unit we make review of Clauses, for more information see Appendix 5

GRAMMAR

Task 13. Fill in each gap with a suitable verb from the box, using words and expressions from the box

so consequently because now that in order to

1. He did a postgraduate course ____________safe his position in the firm.

2. ____________ they have children, they have less free time.

3. The week was crazy, _________ I decided to take some rest.

4. We spent a lot of our free time playing football, _____________ we were exhausted.

5. Employment in these jobs is already declining ________ automation.

Task 14. Rewrite these sentences using the words in brackets.

1. She doesn’t earn much money. She works very hard. (in spite of)

_______________________________________________________________

2. He was ill. He went to work. (despite)

________________________________________________________________

3. Housework today is more productive and less laborious than it was. Most women find it just as time-con­suming and demanding. (yet)

________________________________________________________________

4. Jannet is clever. She finds these tasks difficult. (still)

_______________________________________________________________

5. He could not get a job. He is qualified. (in spite of)

___________________________________________________

Task 15. Study the table then fill in the gaps in the sentences below.

ago	before now
before	before a past time
until/till	up to the time when
by the time + clauses	not later than the moment smth happens
by	not later than
during + noun while/as + clause	in the time period

1. ____________ these experiments have had some encouraging results, the most significant changes in the workplace in the near future will probably come from technological innovation.

2. _____________ the Industrial Revolution leisure ac­tivities were less a matter of individual choice than part of the regular pattern of social life.

3. I have to finish these letters _______________I can leave the office.

4. You must be at your work place _____________ ten o’clock today.

5. Wait here ________________ I get back.

Task 16. There is an extra word in each of the sentences below. Check your knowledge of different clauses.

1. The decrease in working hours during of the twentieth century has resulted in more free time but not proportionately more leisure.

2. The loss of opportunities to work through automation and technological change is therefore become a frightening prospect.

3. Because the work is an important source of identity and self-esteem, loss of work is a devastating blow.

4. Employed housewives had to work in order to perform adequately for the first as employees and then as housewives.

5. Few Americans are participated in organized sports, but many read the sports pages and watch sports on television.

6. He is acting as though like he’s had bad news.

Task 17. Complete the asterisked gaps in the chart below with words from the paragraphs indicated. Then fill the other gaps.

NOUN	ADJECTIVE	VERB
*		work
*	Varying
encouragement		*
*	Entertaining
care		*
*		experience
*		alienate
*	*	play

Task 18. Clauses of contrast. Choose the correct answer.

1. ____________, the same study found that nearly three out of four Americans say they watch sports on television every week.

a) In spite of

b) However

c) While

2. ________________robots are far more productive than human beings in some jobs, they are too expensive and exotic for most purposes.

a) Although

b) Despite

c) In spite

3. According to the Miller Lite Report, seven out of ten Americans exercise at least once a week, _________ far fewer participate in organized sports.

a) but

b) despite

c) in spite

4. ___________ these experiments have had some encouraging results, the most significant changes in the workplace in the near future will probably come from technological innovation.

a) however

b) even though

c) while

5. ____________, robots will soon be capable of manufacturing and assembling nearly all important industrial products.

a) Nevertheless

b) While

c) Even though

Task 19. Rearrange these words to form sentences, and translate them into Ukrainian.

1. In 1966 / when / 100 per­cent / line workers / for labour / was high / Saab / had to/ replace / for / the / demand / example / of / its /assembly / especially / every year/

2. The / in / working / hours / during / the / time / but / leisure / twentieth / century / has / resulted / in / more / proportionately / free / decrease / not more /

3. One / telephone / television / day / survey / reported / that / 72 / of / the / respondents / watched / often / every / national / or / per­cent / every / day / and / 70 / percent / read / newspapers / as / almost /

4. During / 1950s / and / 1960s / the / economic / their / force / motivations / for / traditional / doing / te­dious / or / dangerous / the / prosperous / work / lost / some / of /

5. Given / assembly-line / these / than / hard / to see / why / and mathema­ticians / are / so / findings / much / it / is / not / happier / with / professors / their / jobs / workers /

Task 20. Find examples of the above mentioned clauses in the text. Analyse them.