Identifying the key words of the text

· Step 1. Select 3 key words out each paragraph making it 21 key words for the whole text.

· Step 2. Limit the number of selected key words and word combinations down to 5.

Identifying patterns of text organization.

Identify description, step-by-step explanation, directions, comparison and contrast, analysis, analogy, and definition in the following paragraphs:

1. A languaging perspective regards boundaries between languages as arbitrary and historically contingent, as the result of particular histories of standardisation and regulation. Standardizing language means compartmentalizing the free and unbounded languaging.... Standardizing language also means enregistering particular linguistic features as normative....

2. Languages in the plural exist only as sociocultural inventions: 'Languages are conceived and languaging is practiced'.

3. Superdiversity should be understood as diversification of diversity, as diversity that cannot be understood in terms of multiculturalism (the presence of multiple cultures in one society) alone. At the basis of this paradigm shift are two sets of developments that can be observed in Europe and world-wide. One is the changing patterns.... A second factor is the technological developments....