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Unit 2

Text Study: Programs and Instructions.

Additional Text: Languages and Extensions.

Grammar: The Participle.

Text Study

I. Pre-reading Exercises

1. Repeat the words in chorus:

Sequence, to specify, execution, repertoire, to identify, to require, implicit, explicit, current, content.

2. While reading the text you will come across a number of international words. Try to guess what Ukrainian words they remind of you:

Location, instruction, arithmetic, logic, special, architectures, operation, code, control, component, actual, a result, a sum, data, a machine.

3. Pay attention to some grammatical points:

1) Ultimately, a program has to be represented as a sequence of instructions in memory. 2) Normally, instructions are executed in sequence and the machine is initialized with the program counter holding the memory location of the first instruction from the program and then the fetch-decode-execute cycle is started. 3) Each architecture will have its own special instructions that are not present on the other. 4) If a CPU uses a fixed size op-code, decoding is simple. 5) Many instructions require that data be specified. 6) So sometimes the "operand description" part of an add instruction will need to identify the two CPU data registers that are to be used. 7) Replacing the contents of the PC changes the next instruction executed.