Put the correct word into the gap in each sentence

1. borrow/lend Can you ……..me 5 pounds until tomorrow? I didn’t bring my umbrella, so I’ve had to……John’s.

2. discovered/invented Primitive men…..fire thousands of years ago. Alexander Bell…..the

telephone.

3. worthless/priceless She thought that the painting was valuable, but experts told her that it

was a……forgery. It is generally agreed that the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci is……..

4. raise/rise The sun will……at 6 a.m. tomorrow morning. He will…..his hand when he

needs attention.

1. infamous/unknown Although William Barnes wrote many poems, he’s almost …..to the present generation. All British children have heard of Dick Turpin. He was an……robber, who stole from travelers and was executed for his crimes.

Conditional Sentences Headway advanced

English tense usage can be divided into two categories: tenses used to refer to fact, and those used to refer to non -fact. Fact is what considered to be real or quite possible, non-fact is what supposed or wished for, which is either unreal or improbable.

Fact: I work in a restaurant, but I do not earn much. If I find a better job, I ‘ll take it.

Non-fact: I wish I had a lot of money. If I had a lot of money, I would open my own restaurant.

Tenses used to refer to fact are related to real time. For example, a past verb form refers to the past.

I had a lovely holiday in Spain last year.

Tenses used to refer to non-fact are not related to real time. Generally speaking, this unreality is expressed by shifting the verb form backwards for example, from present to past.

If I had a car, I could visit my friends.

Here the past verb form does not refer to the real past, but to the” wished for” present and future. It has the effect of distancing the meaning from reality. It is important to understand this difference between fact and non-fact when discussing conditional sentences.

Type 1

Type 1 conditional sentences are based on fact in real time. They express a possible condition and its probable result.

If it rains, I’ll get wet. If he does not come soon, we’ll miss the bus.

“Will” is not usually used in the conditional clause. However, it can appear when “will” expresses willingness (or in the negative refusal) or insistence.

If you will wash the dishes, I’ll put them away.(If you are willing to…)

If you will smoke, of course, you’ll get a cough. If you insist on smoking…

When “will” expresses insistence, it is stressed and never contracted.

Should and happen to can be used in the conditional clause to suggest that something may happen by chance, but is unlikely.

If you should come across Pearl, tell her to give me a ring.

If you happen to find my book, pop it in the post to me.

There are several other links with meanings similar to “if” that can introduce Type 1 conditional sentence.

Provided/providing I have the time, I’ll give you a hand to fix it.

Supposing, you miss the plane, what will you do?

I’ll come tomorrow unless I hear from you before. (If I do not hear from you…)

Type 2

Type 2 conditional sentences are not based on the fact. They express a situation which is contrary to reality in the present and future. This unreality is shown by a tense shift “backwards”.