The different dairy products

Only about half of the world’s milk is drunk when fresh. The other half is turned into a huge variety of foods, partly as a way of preserving the extra milk, and partly because many of the products form an important part of our diet.

The simplest of these is cream. We have seen how the globules of butterfat will collect at the top of the milk because they are lighter than the water in the serum. This is the cream, which today is made by machines which speed up the process of separation. It comes in four main varieties – single (which is thin), double, sterilized (for long life) and clotted. Cream is used for decorating cakes and puddings, or for thickening soups and sauces.

Although cream is thought of as a luxury, most of it is in fact used for making butter. In modern creameries, the buttermaking follows directly after the cream separation in a continuous process. It takes more than 22 litres of milk to produce 1 kilo of butter, which contains 80 per cent fat.

The other major milk product is cheese, which is made in hundreds of different varieties all over the world. The milk is made to clot, and the liquid whey is drained from the solid curd, which is then ripened to gain its tastiness. Cheese is one of the most economical ways of getting the proteins that we need. It is also very versatile and can be eaten at any meal, sweet or savoury, cooked or raw.

Milk can also be preserved in many other ways. It can be dried to a powder, made thicker and more stable by evaporating or condensing it, or frozen in bulk. In this way, it can be sent to poorer countries with no dairy industry, bringing instant nourishment.

Yoghurt, dairy ice cream, milk chocolate, tinned puddings and baby food are just a few of the many other uses that we make of milk.

14. Answer the questions.

1. How much milk is drunk when fresh?

2. What is done to the other half of milk?

3. What is the simplest form of milk processing?

4. How is cream made?

5. What are the varieties of cream?

6. What is cream used for?

7. How many litres of milk do you need to make one kilo of butter?

8. What is the other major product of milk?

9. How is cheese made?

10. How can milk be preserved?

15. Give the English equivalents to the following words.

Велика різноманітність їжі, кульки масляного жиру, сироватка, прискорити процес сепарування, одинарні вершки, подвійні вершки, стерилізовані вершки, зберігати молоко, зсілі вершки, прикрашати торти та пудинги, загущувати супи та соуси, тривалий процес, дозрівати.

16. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1.Many of the … form an important part of people’s diet. 2. … is the simplest way of preserving milk. 3.At modern factories the process of cream … is done by machines. 4.Most of cream is used for making …. 5.Cheese need to be … to gain its tastiness. 6.Evaporated, condensed or frozen milk can be sent to the countries with no ….

cream dairy industry dairy products ripened butter separation

17.Arrange the words in the lines into the correct order to get sentences.

1.Way, cream, milk, is, of, preserving, the simplest.

2.By, today, cream, machines, made, is.

3.Separation, follows, cream, buttermaking.

4.One, of, proteins, ways, is, economic, getting, of, the most, cheese.

18.Translate into English.

Молоко - один із самих цінних продуктів харчування. Воно містить усі необхідні для життя людини живильні речовини. Харчова і біологічна цінність молока обумовлена наявністю в ньому жирів, білків, молочного цукру, мінеральних солей, пігментів, вітамінів, ферментів. На сучасному етапі в Україні молочна промисловість стоїть на досить високому рівні. До складу молочної промисловості входять підприємства по виробництву тваринного масла, цільномолочної продукції, сухого молока, сира, морозива, казеїну тощо.

19.Prove that milk is the most complete food in the world.

FOOD for THOUGHT

Read the following idioms and their meanings. Think of their Ukrainian equivalents. Complete each sentence with the correct idiom.

big cheese: an important person, a leader butter up: flatter someone to try to get their favour or friendship cry over spilt milk: complain about something that has already happened the milk of human kindness: kind behaviour, considered to be natural to human being chalk and cheese: completely different from each other cream of the crop: best of a group, the top choice milk and honey: abundance, plenty pigeon’s milk: something that does not exist

1.It’s a land flowing with........

2.It’s really very surprising that a man like you should fall in love with a girl like Margaret. Your characters are as different as........

3.He spends most of his free time trying to....... his boss so that he won’t have to work so hard.

4.He is the most extraordinary person I have ever met – a man just made out of.........

5.He is a....... in his company so you should be very nice to him.

6.Boys and novices are often sent on April 1^st to buy........

7.Don’t........ The past is past and you can’t do anything to change it.

8.The company is well-known as a good place to work and is always able to hire....... of university graduates.
GRAMMAR

1.Study the following tables.

Passive Voice

The Passive is formed by using the appropriate tense of the verb to be + past participle
	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Present Simple	They cook dinner.	Dinner is cooked.
Present Continuous	They are cooking dinner.	Dinner is being cooked.
Past Simple	They cooked dinner.	Dinner was cooked.
Past Continuous	They were cooking dinner.	Dinner was being cooked.
Future Simple	They will cook dinner.	Dinner will be cooked.
Present Perfect	They have cooked dinner.	Dinner has been cooked.
Past Perfect	They had cooked dinner.	Dinner had been cooked.
Future Perfect	They will have cooked dinner.	Dinner will have been cooked.
Present Infinitive	They will have to cook dinner.	Dinner will have to be cooked.
Modals + be + p.p.	They must cook dinner.	Dinner must be cooked.

2.Choose the required form of the verb.

1.The new president (is supporting/is supported) by many congressmen.

2.My friend (was fired/has fired) from his job for sloppy work.

3.Has anything (was found been/found) in the cave?

4.Is the food (being heated/been heated) for dinner?

5.Which bank (has robbed/has been robbed)?

6.Where was the statue (found/finds)?

7.Were any letters (receiving/received) from the GHQ?

8.How (has/was) your car stolen?

9.How much money (was spent/is spending) on renovating the house?

10.Why haven't the children (been given/given) a break?

3.Put the verbs between parentheses into the passive voice.

1.The telegraph (invent) in 1848 by Morse.

2.This newspaper (issue) in 1840 in England.

3.The film (release) next spring.

4.The American president (elect) every 4 years.

5.The painting (steal) around 10 o'clock.

6.Much of London (destroy) by fire in the 17th century.

7.The old school (demolish) next year.

8.New houses (build) by the end of next year.

We use by + agent to say who or what did the action. We use with + instrument or material to say what instrument or material the agent used. He was knocked down by a lorry. (The lorry did the action) The door was locked bythe man with a key. (The key is the instrument the agent used) The cake was made with flour, sugarandeggs. (Flour, sugar and eggs are the materials the agent used)

4.Fill in “by” or “with”.

1.The window was broken with a hammer.

2.He was knocked down....... a car.

3.The lion was shot........ a rifle.

4.That novel was written........ D. H. Lawrence.

5.The garden was dug....... a spade.

6.The city was attacked........ the enemy.

7.The pudding was made...... fruit and chocolate.

8.He was hit....... a handbag.

9.The picture was painted........ Jackson Pollack.

10. The house was built....... wood and bricks.

5.Turn from Active into Passive.

1.An expert is restoring the antique car. The antique car is being restored by an expert.

2.Steven Spielberg has directed a lot of successful films...........

3.The judge has fined him £300..........

4.A number of reporters will meet the professor at the airport........

5.A famous designer is going to redecorate the President’s house........

6.The Romans founded Bath in the first century A.D.......

7.A nightmare woke Mary up.........

8.The Muslims celebrate Ramadan..........

9.Van Gogh painted “Sunflowers”.........

10.Astronauts are exploring space.........

6.Turn from Active into Passive. Omit the agent where it can be omitted.

1.They kill elephants for ivory. Elephants are killed for ivory.

2.Homer wrote the “Iliad”.........

3.People chop down a lot of trees every year........

4.The government will introduce new measures against crime.........

5.Someone has burgled Ann’s house.........

6.She offered me a cup of tea.......

7.They check passports at Passport Control.........

8.A million people visit the cathedral every year........

9.Someone has stolen Mike’s bicycle.........

7.Rewrite the following passage in the Passive.

Somebody gave me a goat for my birthday last year. They had bought it from a farm down the road. We keep it tied to a tree in our garden. My husband normally looks after it, but last week his company sent him abroad on business. A few days later, our neighbour called me to the window. I hadn’t tied the goat up properly. The goat was eating her washing!

8.Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive form.

There is an old castle in Norwich which 1) is believed (believe) to 2)........ (haunt). It 3)........ (call) North Castle and it 4)........ (say) that ghosts can 5)......... (see) there at night. The castle 6)......... (build) 400 years ago and 7)......... (own) by two ladies who 8)....... (believe) to be witches. One day, long ago, they both disappeared and they 9)...... (never/see) again. In 1985 the castle 10)........ (buy) by a businessman and 11)........ (convert) into a luxurious hotel. The castle 12)........ (visit) by quite a few guests every year and special groups 13)....... (organise) to watch for ghosts. It has been a long time since any ghosts 14)....... (see), but one night a trick 15)...... (play) on some visitors by a local couple, who dressed up as the two “witches”. They 16)....... (see) by a guest, who said she 17)........ (frighten) almost to death. The couple apologised the next day, and 18)....... (tell) never to visit the castle again, certainly not in the middle of the night dressed up as witches.

9.Turn from Passive into Active

1.He was hit by a falling brick. A falling brick hit him.

2.She was employed by an international company.

3.This essay was written by Sandra.

4.The house had been broken into by someone while the owners were on vacation.

5.A great deal of our oil will have been exported to other countries by our government.

6.Have you seen the new movie that was directed by Ron Howard?

7.The streets around the fire had been blocked off by the police.

8.The exhibition will be opened by the mayor.

9.A woman was being carried downstairs by a very strong firefighter.

10.Coffee is raised in many parts of Hawaii by plantation workers.

10.Fill the gaps with the correct tenses (active or passive voice).