Text II

In the early part of the twentieth century, diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites were the leading causes of death in the United States because modern sanitation, public health methods, and antibiotic drugs had not been developed. Because people did not have the considerable health knowledge we now possess, it was not possible for them to prevent many illnesses, and for those who became ill, there was usually little that could be done to help. In 1918, millions of people died from a worldwide influenza epidemic that ran its course virtually unabated. Now, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is killing thousands of people and no cure is in sight. Despite modern medical technologies infectious diseases still have not been conquered.

Several studies have shown that people tend to visit physicians when they are psychologically unwell, whether or not they are suffering from something that a physician can diagnose as a particular disease. Many studies show that 50 percent or more of the people doctors see as outpatients have no discernible illness. Rather, such patients are experiencing some life situation that is making them feel bad and that may even be producing symptoms such as an upset stomach, diarrhea, insomnia, low energy, headaches, or loss of appetite. Yet a physical examination reveals no underlying physical problem. The sick feelings and the symptoms are the result of an emotionally upsetting life situation, not the result of a disease. In their attempt to get help, these people visit the doctor.

Certain habits of living are also associated with the most common causes of death. Most of the major causes of death in the United States, Canada, and other industrialized nations are chronic such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and cirrhosis of the liver. These diseases are caused by particular behaviors or living practices. For example, a sedentary life-style, emotional stress, high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and obesity all increase the risk of developing heart disease and diseases of the blood vessels.

Traditionally, we have depended on doctors and other trained health practitioners to help us get well when we are sick.

19. Read text III and answer the question: “Why do many people smoke and drink?” Express your own opinion.