Translate into Russian

1. Molecules are constantly in a rapid motion, the motion becoming more rapid with an increase of temperature. 2. Two objects being at the same temperature, the average energy of motion of_; their molecules is the same. 3. The temperature being raised, the kinetic energy is increased. 4. Zinc is used in making alloys, brass being the most important of them. 5. When the reaction was perfor­med at higher temperatures the main products were ethyl chloride and aminobenzenesulfonic acid, the latter probably resulting from rearrangement of phenylsulfonic acid.

7. Read and translate the text. Choose the best variant of translation of the Absolute Participle Constructions you’ll meet in the text:

M. V. Lomonosov

Part I

M.V. Lomonosov (1711 – 1765) contributed greatly to the theoretical sciences of physics, astronomy, geography and mineralogy, his literature and historical works being of a high quality as well.

From his earliest students days he was interested in optical phenomena, an interest which lasted throughout his life.

In the years following his return from Germany in 1741 Lomonosov was incapable of carrying on any extensive experimental work, since he lacked a laboratory.

During this period he devoted himself to theoretical considerations. He worked out most of his corpuscular theories and their kinetic and chemical applications.

In 1748 Lomonosov was finally capable to secure from the authorities a chemical laboratory for the Academy. At almost the same time Lomonosov began the study of silicates and their reactions, particular attention being paid to the preparation of coloured glasses.

In his course in physical chemistry given to the students at the University he devoted considerable space to the colours of the materials which he was discussing. For the first time he distinguished the primary colours: red, blue, and yellow, and showed how other colours were derived by mixing these.

Relying on the particular substances used, their purity, the conditions of precipitating the pigment and the method of carrying out the fusion, Lomonosov was capable to obtain a wide variety of colours and shades. Lomonosov used pigments which no other researcher of his time employed, such as mercury salts, and gold compounds which gave him a ruby glass. The experiments having been made, Lomonosov was able to prepare a much wider range of coloured glasses than were the artists of Western Europe. His work having become known abroad, his friend from Berlin wrote: "I congratulate you on having produced glass of all possible colours. Our chemists consider this a great discovery".

In the Lomonosov Museum at the Academy of Sciences there is still a collection of samples of the coloured glasses from Lomonosov's laboratory.

8. Put the questions to the underlined word and word-combinations:

- Lomonosov contributed greatly to the theoretical sciences of physics, astronomy and mineralogy.

- he was greatly interested in optical phenomena.

- his interest in optical phenomena lasted throughout his life.

- Lomonosov was capable to carry on extensive experimental work when he returned from Germany.

- he devoted himself to theoretical considerations during the period he lacked a laboratory.

- Lomonosov was finally capable to secure a chemical laboratory for the Academy in 1748.

- he began the study of silicates and their reactions at almost the same time.

- he gave lectures concerning colours of the materials in his course in physical chemistry.

- he distinguished the primary colours for the first time.

- he was capable to obtain a wide variety of colours and shades.