Mammals

Like birds, mammals are warm-blooded. Mammals and birds are the only vertebrates that can survive in subzero temperatures. Of course, they can also survive in hot climates.

Some early mammals did lay eggs. Australia’s duck-billed platypus and echidnas still lay eggs. They are monotremes, but all other modern mammals bear live young.

All living mammals except monotremes have a placenta - a specialized embryonic organ that nourishes the young before they are born. The placenta is derived from the same membranes that surround embryo. Placentae are short-lived in marsupials, whose young are born at a much earlier stage of development than other mammals. Thus, all mammals except marsupials and monotremes are called placental mammals. This is confusing because marsupials are placental mammals too.

Mammal teeth are specialized. Sharks can have thousands of teeth. Some bony fishes, such as the barracuda, also have teeth. Crocodiles and snakes have teeth, as did many dinosaurs. However, aside from some of the bigger ones, all these teeth are the same. If you have seen one crocodile tooth, you have seen them all.

Mammals experimented with a variety of teeth—all in one mouth—and you're living proof that they succeeded! You have a regular toolkit in your mouth, with incisors (your front teeth) designed for taking a bite out of an apple, pointed canines that can still function as weapons, and molars well suited to chewing.

Some mammals have four separate stomach compartments. With the proper teeth, stomach, and intestines, various mammals can live on dry grasses, leaves, even bark. Mammals possess the biggest brains. Mammal IQs have so far peaked in marine mammals (notably whales) and primates, a group that includes humans.

Warm-blooded birds and mammals are the only vertebrates that inhabit the land areas of all continents. Some species are aquatic. Mammals and birds have even colonized remote oceanic islands that are not inhabited by reptiles or amphibians.

Mammals are perhaps the most versatile of vertebrates. Bats can fly, and the sperm whale can dive far deeper than most fish. Some mammals live underground. And some mammals are able to hibernate, a strategy that helps them survive long, cold winters.

Many mammals can be carriers of infectious zoonotic diseases, such as brucellosis, tuberculosis, anthrax, glanders, rabies, toxoplasmosis, and others.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. Are mammals cold-blooded or warm-blooded animals?

2. What animals can survive in subzero temperatures and in hot climates?

3. Do mammals lay eggs?

4. What mammals still lay eggs?

5. What mammals have a placenta?

6. What is a placenta?

7. What mammals are called placental mammals?

8. What are mammal teeth?

9. What kind of brains do mammals possess?

10. What do birds and mammals inhabit?

11. What mammals can fly?

12. What animal can dive far deeper than most fishes?

13. Why do some animals hibernate?

14. Can mammals be carriers of infectious zoonotic diseases?

15. What diseases can be transmitted from animals to men?

Вправи

I.Підберіть до англійських слів їх українські еквіваленти.

1. young	1. єхидна
2. survive	2. ссавець, що кладе яйця
3. echidna	3. клімат
4. mammal	4. молодняк
5. duck-billed platypus	5. птах
6. egg	6. качкодзьоб
7. climate	7. виживати
8. vertebrate	8. ссавець
9. monotreme	9. хребетна тварина
10. bird	10. яйце

II. Підберіть до українських слів їх англійські еквіваленти.

1. акула	1. derive
2. ембріон	2. marsupial
3. плацента	3. embryonic
4. плацентарний	4. membrane
5. живити, годувати	5. stage
6. стадія	6. placenta
7. оболонка	7. placental
8. зародковий	8. nourish
9. сумчаста тварина	9. shark
10. походити	10. embryo

III. Підберіть до англійських словосполучень їх українські еквіваленти.

1. remote islands 1. морські ссавці

2. land areas 2. сухі трави

3. mammal teeth 3. відділення шлунка

4. thousands of teeth 4. температура нижче нуля

5. embryonic organ 5. віддалені острови

6. marine mammals 6. зуби ссавців

7. placental mammals 7. ділянки землі

8. stomach compartments 8. зародковий орган

9. dry grasses 9. тисячі зубів

10. subzero temperature 10.плацентарні ссавці

IV. Підберіть до українських словосполучень їх англійські еквіваленти.

1. спеціалізований орган 1. crocodile teeth

2. стадія розвитку 2. infectious diseases

3. холодні зими 3. long winters

4. інфекційні хвороби 4. oceanic islands

5. кашалот 5. stage of development

6. зуби крокодила 6. cold winters

7. довгі зими 7. separate stomach compartments

8. океанські острови 8. sperm whale

9. окремі відділення шлунка 9. specialized organ

10. переносники інфекційних хвороб 10.carriers of infectious diseases

V. Згрупуйте подані нижче слова за частинами мови.

Іменник	Прикметник	Дієслово
bird	warm-blooded	survive

lay; nourish; anthrax; inhabit; zoonotic; disease; short-lived; include; brucellosis; dry; glanders; hibernate; rabies; derive; bat; boring; aquatic; versatile; carrier; remote; infection; embryonic; tuberculosis; warm-blooded; colonize; bony; toxoplasmosis; survive; confuse; dive

VI. Знайдіть об’єднуюче слово.

1. birds, mammals, warm-blooded.

2. sharks, barracudas, vertebrates, crocodiles, bats, whales.

3. Platypus, monotremes, echidna.

4. Carp, trout, fishes, shark, herring.

VII. Заповніть пропуски в реченнях.

1. Mammals can be… of infectious diseases.

A) newcomers B) carriers C) intelligence D)warm-blooded

2. Some mammals are able to…, a strategy that helps them survive long, cold winters.

A) colonize B) have C) hibernate D) derive

3. Some mammals … underground.

A) help B) live C) fly D)dive

4. Sperm whale can dive far deeper than most….

A) brains B) bark C) fishes D) primates

5. Mammals are the most… of vertebrates.

A) versatile B) warm-blooded C)marsupials D) young

6. … can fly.

A) amphibians B)reptiles C) primates D) bats

7. Mammals and birds have colonized remote oceanic….

A) grasses B) compartments C) islands D)underground

8. Mammals possess the biggest….

A) teeth B) brains C) stomach D)intestines

9. If you have seen one crocodile …, you have seen them all.

A) eye B)wing C) flipper D) tooth

10. Crocodiles and snakes have teeth as did many ….

A) dinosaurs B) birds C) insects D)slugs

VIII. Знайдіть визначення до слів.

1. mammal	1. sea fish, some kinds of which are large and dangerous to bathers etc.
2. placenta	2. animal of the class of mammals, the females of which have a pouch to carry their young, e.g. kangaroos
3. crocodile	3. kinds of long, legless, crawling reptile, some of which are poisonous
4. marsupial	4. organ lining the womb during the pregnancy, by which the fetus is nourished
5. snake	5. offspring of an animal in the early stage of its development before birth
6. embryo	6. any of the class of animals which feed their young with milk from the breast
7. shark	7. large river reptile with a long body and tail covered with a hard skin

IX. Визначте:

1. Які тварини не належать до ссавців

(echidna, bat, whale, barracuda, primates, shark).

2. Які тварини не належать до риб

(crocodile, shark, barracuda, carp, dinosaur).

3. Які тварини належать до рептилій

(echidna, barracuda, shark, bat, snake).

4. Які тварини не належать до хребетних

(whale, bat, platypus, amoeba, shark, barracuda, infusorian).

5. Які терміни не належать до назв хвороб

(brucellosis, anthrax, marsupials, glanders, rabies, monotremes, toxoplasmosis).

X. Вставте, де необхідно, частку to перед інфінітивом.

1. Mammals can… survive in subzero temperatures.

2. Mammals are able… survive in hot climates.

3. Sharks can … have thousands of teeth.

4. Various mammals are able … live on dry grasses, leaves, even bark.

5. Bats can … fly.

6. The sperm whale is able … dive far deeper than most fishes.

7. Some mammals are able … hibernate.

8. Many mammals can … be carriers of infectious zoonotic diseases

9. Bacteria may … cause severe outbreaks of tuberculosis.

10. The sheep have … be rounded up.

XI. Заповніть пропуски у реченнях. Визначте функції інфінітива. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. … in subzero temperatures is very important.

(to nourish, to bear, to survive, to possess)

2. … in subzero temperatures mammals possess warm blood.

(to sleep, to dive, to help, to exist)

3. …on dry grasses, leaves and bark can various mammals with the proper teeth, stomach and intestines.

(to dive, to live, to bear, to fly)

4. Most mammals must have a placenta … live young.

(to nourish, to bear, to live, to fly)

5. Here are rabbits … young next month.

(to hibernate, to inhabit, to bear, to exist)

6. Mammals possess warm blood … themselves survive long, cold winters.

(to help, to inhabit, to have, to live, to produce).

7. Little action … a competent veterinary service was taken in the USA until 1850.

(to provide, to live, to hear, to feed)

XII. Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи відповідну форму інфінітива. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. Only mammals and birds can (to survive) in subzero temperatures.

2. This platypus seems (to lay) eggs at the moment.

3. Mammals can (to survive) in hot climates.

4. Mammals seem (to inhabit) all continents already.

5. Many infectious diseases can (to be transmitted) by mammals.

6. Mammals can (to live on) plants.

7. This is the land (to inhabit) by reptiles and amphibians already.

8. The shepherds have (to round up and count the cattle).

9. Most birds have (to sit) on their eggs to hatch out their young.

XIII. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. Placentae are short-lived in marsupials.

2. The young of marsupials are born at a much earlier stage of development than other mammals.

3. All mammals but marsupials and monotremes are called placental mammals.

4. Marsupials are placental mammals, too.

5. Mammals teeth are specialized.

6. Sharks can have thousands of teeth.

7. Some mammals have four separate stomach compartments.

8. Various mammals can live on dry grasses, leaves, even bark.

9. Mammals possess the biggest brains.

10. Primates is a group that includes humans.

XIV. Спростуйте твердження або погодьтеся з ними, використовуючи вирази: Yes, that’s rihgt/No, that’s wrong.

1. Some species of mammals are aquatic.

2. Mammals are cold-blooded.

3. Birds are warm-blooded.

4. Bats can dive.

5. Some mammals live underground.

6. The sperm whale can fly.

7. Primates is a group that includes the humans.

8. Mammals possess the biggest brains.

9. Some mammals have five separate stomach compartments.

10. Crocodiles and snakes are marsupials.

11. Many dinosaurs had teeth.

12. Platypus and echidnas bear live young.

XV. Складіть речення та перекладіть їх українською мовою.

1. Mammals can survive in	1. placental mammals, too
2. The placenta is	2. cold-blooded
3. Primates is a group that	3. have thousands of teeth
4. Mammals are not	4. monotremes
5. All mammals except monotremes have	5. in marsupials
6. Sharks can	6. bear live young
7. The placenta nourishes the young	7. are specialized
8. Placentae are short-lived	8. subzero temperature
9. Some early mammals	9. includes humans
10.Mammals teeth	10.a specialized embryonic organ
11.Platypus and echidnas are	11. a placenta
12.Various mammals can live on	12. the biggest brains
13.All modern mammals but monotremes	13. did lay eggs
14.But marsupials are	14. before they are born
15.Mammals possess	15. dry grasses, leaves, even bark

XVI. Перекладіть речення англійською мовою.

1. Птахи та ссавці населяють землі усіх континентів.

2. Як і птахи, ссавці – теплокровні тварини.

3. Деякі ссавці живуть під землею.

4. Теплокровні тварини можуть виживати у жаркому кліматі.

5. Кажани вміють літати.

6. Деякі ссавці можуть перебувати у зимовій сплячці.

7. Кашалот вміє пірнати набагато глибше, ніж більшість риб.

8. Із усіх хребетних тварин найбільш рухливі – ссавці.

9. Зимова сплячка – це стратегія, яка дозволяє ссавцям пережити довгі холодні зими.

10. Побачити один зуб крокодила - означає побачити усі інші.

11. Ссавці та птахи колонізували навіть далекі острови в океані.

12. Багато ссавців можуть бути переносниками інфекційних захворювань.

13. Багато ссавців можуть жити, харчуючись сухою травою, листям і, навіть, корою.

14. Ссавці мають найбільший мозок.

15. Ссавці мають спеціалізовані зуби.

XVII. Перекажіть текст.