Уживання означеного артикля

У якому випадку	Приклади
Перед іменником, що означає конкретний предмет, про який подаються додаткові відомості	The flat is quite large and comfortable. Квартира досить велика та зручна. Where is the book? Де книга?
Перед іменником, що є одним у ситуації	The manager told you to do it at once. Директор звелів вам зробити це одразу.
Перед іменником, що означає речовину у певній кількості або у певному місці для конкретної ситуації	Pass me the salt, please. Передайте мені, будь ласка, сіль. The snow is dirty. Сніг брудний.
У прикладу для підкреслення популярності певної особи	Dreiser, the famous American writer, is known all over the world. Драйзера, відомого американського письменника, знають у всьому світі.
Перед конструкцією порядковий числівник + іменник.	The first page — перша сторінка the third day — третій день
Перед конструкцією прикметник у найвищому ступені + іменник	The best pupil — кращий учень the longest way — найдовший шлях
Перед конструкцією іменник + безсполучникове означальне підрядне речення	Who was the boy you were talking to just now? Хто був той хлопчик, з яким ви тільки що говорили?
Прийменник + артикль + іменник	How can I get tothe hotel? Як мені дістатися до готелю?
Із предметами, єдиними у своєму роді	The Moon — Місяць the Sun — Сонце the Earth — Земля the sky — небо
Після слів one of,some of,many of,each of,most of,all,both	I’ve looked through all the magazines. Я переглянув усі журнали.
Перед прикметниками following,same,last,only,next,very	The followingday — наступний день the same way — також the lastword — останнє слово the only child — єдина дитина the nextlesson — наступний урок Виняток: last week — минулого тижня last year — торік next time — наступного разу last Monday — минулого понеділка
Перед назвами країн, океанів, морів та інших географічних назв	The United States — Сполучені Штати the Black Sea — Чорне море the Pacific Ocean — Тихий океан
Перед назвою річок і гірських хребтів	The Volga — Волга the Thames — Темза the Alps — Альпи
Перед назвою газет і журналів	The Morning Star — Морнинг стар the Daily World — Дейли уолд

Відсутність артикля

У якому випадку	Приклади
Перед власними назвами	London — Лондон Europe — Європа England — Англія Виняток: the Crimea — Крим the Caucasus — Кавказ
Перед загальними іменниками, які вживаються як звертання	Good morning, young man. Доброго ранку, юначе!
Перед словами Mother, Father, Uncle, Aunt на позначення членів родини	Ask Father about it. Mummy has come. Попроси батька про це. Мама прийшла.
Перед назвами наук	I like Literature and History. Я люблю літературу та історію.
Перед необчислювальними іменниками (назвами речовин, абстрактних понять рахунку)	There is water in the glass. У склянці вода (а не кава, молоко).
Перед обчислювальними іменниками у множині без означення або з означенням, які мають описовий характер	She has apples and bananas. У неї є яблука і банани. She has red apples and yellow bananas. У неї є червоні яблука та жовті банани.
Перед необчислювальними іменниками в однині, якщо вони позначають: добу   пору року	Winter came. — Прийшла зима. It was night. — Була ніч. Morning — ранок, day — день, evening — вечір, night — ніч summer — літо, winter — зима, autumn — осінь, spring — весна
Перед іменами та прізвищами людей:	якщо немає означення	Mike spoke about his studies. Майк розповідав про свої заняття.
якщо перед ними стоїть слово, що означає титул, сімейні стосунки, суспільний стан	Captain Smith — капітан Сміт Aunt Rose — тьотя Роза Professor Brown — професор Браун
якщо перед власним іменем стоять слова dear,little,old,good,poor	Little Tommy sat down and cried. Маленький Томмі сів і заплакав.

Ex. 1. Insert the required articles:

1. Nekrasov, ___ famous Russian poet described ___ life of ___ Russian people.

2. Everyone in ___ Ukraine knows Shevchenko, ___ talented poet and artist.

3. He graduated from ___ University 10 years ago. Now his name is well-known.

4. Two weeks are left before ___ end of ___ school year. ___ examinations are coming. On ___ first of ___ June we’ll take examination in ___ literature.

5. My brother brought ___ new novel yesterday. When I looked at ___ title, I was very glad it was ___ book which I want to get for ___ long time.

6. ___ great English novelist Charles Dickens knew ___ great deal about the debtors’ prison from personal experience, for when he was about 10, his father was imprisoned for debt.

7. ___ play «Widowers’ Houses» shows ___ egoism and hypocrisy of some businessmen who got their profits from ___ London slums where ___ poorest people lived.

8. ___ greatest novelists used ___ novel as ___ means to protest against ___ evils in contemporary social and economic life and to picture ___ world in ___ realistic way.

9. ___ picture of life of ___ ruling classes of ___ England in ___ 19th century as drawn by Thackeray remains ___ classical example of social satire up to ___ present day.

10.___ subtitle of the novel shows the author’s intention not to describe individuals, but English society as a whole.

11. O. Henry is one of ___ most widely published modern authors. He worked as ___ clerk, ___ bookkeeper, ___ draftsman and ___ bank teller before turning to writing.

12. ___ works of O. Henry reflect ___ specific period in ___ American literature. He worked out and enriched all ___ various types of ___ short story: ___ anecdote, ___ monologue, ___ dialogue.

13. ___ story «The Last Leaf» is about ___ old painter, Behrman. ___ old painter was ___ man with ___ kind heart.

14. Jack London was ___ master of ___ dynamic plot. His stories are full of ___ action and ___ conflict.

15. ___ well-known American critic and publicist wrote about Dreiser, «He was ___ great artist, ___ man of large originality».

Ex. 2. Insert the required articles:

1. George Bernard Shaw, ___ well-known English playwright, was born in ___ Ireland in 1856. He was ___ son of ___ clerk and had to begin working at ___ early age. At ___ age of twenty he moved to ___ London where he became ___ journalist.

2. William Shakespeare, ___ greatest English writer, was born in 1564 in ___ Stratford-on-Avon in ___ England. ___ Stratford is ___ small country town in ___ farming district near ___ center of ___ England.

3. ___ Avon which is ___ pretty river with ___ grass and trees all along its banks, runs through ___ Stratford.

4. Mark Twain lived in ___ tiny settlment in ___ Missouri on ___ banks of ___ Mississippi River.

5. It was while working at ___ Enterprise that M. Twain’s carreer as ___ journalist really began.

6. O. Henry wrote about 150 stories with ___ New York background. He can be called one of ___ New York’s biographers.

7. Jack London and his family moved to ___ Oakland, California. In 1899 ___ Overland Monthly published some of his stories.

8. ___ novel «White Fang» is about ___ North. ___ book shows London’s keen observation of nature in ___ severe North.

9. My friend at ___ age of 15 was fond of ___ Literature and ___ History.

10.___ United Kingdom of ___ Great Britain and ___ Northern Ireland is situated on ___ British Isles.

11.He had ___ views on what ___ United States was doing for the world.

12.___ weather over ___ Baltic was said to be changing every year.

13.Mr. Brown arrived at ___ London airport from ___ New York yesterday on his way to ___ Ukraine.

14.Gracie was ___ student at ___ London University.

15.Schiller, ___ most popular dramatist in ___ Germany, was forced to make ___ translations from ___ French in order to earn ___ money enough to live on.

Ex. 3. Insert the required articles:

1. ___ scheme of ___ study in ___ Teachers’ Training College is based upon ___ compulsory and optional subjects.

2. ___ auxiliary verbs have no meaning of their own and are used to build up ___ analytical forms of ___ verb.

3. ___ Future Tense is not used in ___ adverbial clauses of time and condition.

4. When Smith was appointed ___ editor of «___ Literary Gazette» his salary became eight hundred ___ year.

5. He now arranged with Mr. Brown to write ___ articles on ___ current French literature.

6. Then Mary saw ___ Professor Denton, ___ head of ___ English language department.

7. Margaret, who had not long ago graduated from ___ Oxford, was working as ___ secretary.

8. He was universally known as ___ author of the book which had been translated into many languages.

9. My friend Herbert Holt is ___ professor of English literature in one of ___ smaller universities of ___ Middle West.

10.She’d been to Cambridge and she’d taken her degree in Philology.

11.I’ve received ___ information on ___ subject.

12.They stood for some time, talking in a quiet tone, comparing ___ Thames with ___ Seine.

13.I read ___ poetry and literary prose at school.

14.Critical Realism as ___ trend in American literature reached full development after the Civil War.

15.E. Hemingway was one of America’s foremost writers, and ___ classic of ___ American and world literature of the 20^th century.

Ex. 4. Revision: Insert the required articles:

A.

At ___ beginning of ___ 19th century ___ little boy was born in ___ family of John Dickens, ___ clerk at ___ office in ___ Portsmouth, and was named Charles. He had ___ sister who was older than himself, and there were several other children in ___ family. When Charles was seven, he was sent to ___ school. He was not ___ strong child. He did not like to play ___ cricket or ___ football and spent all his free time reading. In 1821 ___ family went to ___ London, and little Charles left behind him ___ happiest years of his childhood. His father was in ___ money difficulties, and ___ family became poorer and poorer. ___ boy had to give up his studies. Mr. Dickens was put into ___ debtors’ prison. Little Charles learned to know all ___ horrors and cruetly of ___ large capitalist city. He had to go to work at ___ blacking factory. He worked there from ___ morning till night. When his father came out of prison, Charles was sent to ___ school for some time. Soon he got work as ___ clerk. Then he learned ___ stenography and became ___ reporter in Parliament. In 1836 at ___ age of 24 Charles Dickens published his first book. It was ___ collection of ___ stories ___ title of ___ book was «Sketches by Boz». These were followed by «Pickwick Papers» and «Oliver Twist» and many other famous novels. Charles Dickens is one of ___ greatest writers of ___ 19th century. His novels are now translated into most languages of ___ world.

B.

Robert Burns, ___ son of ___ small farmer in Ayrshire, was born on ___ 25th of ___ January, 1759. His parents were poor, so that Burns could not get a good education. He worked hard as ___ ploughboy. He was fond of reading and always had ___ ballad-book before him at ___ dinner. After ___ death of his father Robert and his brother and sisters took over ___ farm together. Working in ___ fields Burns wrote many wonderful songs. However, things became so bad on ___ farm, that ___ poet decided to go to ___ Jamaica hoping to get ___ job on ___ plantation there. Luckily some friends helped Burns to publish ___ book of poems. ___ book was noticed and praised highly. In 1786 Burns went to ___ Edinburgh, and his book of poems unlocked ___ doors of ___ rich Edinburgh houses to a peasant with such a wonderful talent. In 1788 he married Jean Armour and spent ___ peaceful and happy year. ___ rest of his life-story is ___ tale of ___ poet’s hardships. ___ hard life ruined ___ poet’s health, and on ___ 21st of ___ July, 1796 he died at ___ age of thirty-seven.

Test

Fill in the, a, an where necessary

1. Pushkin is ___ outstanding Russian poet.

2. Can you play ___ piano?

3. Will you play ___ chess with me?

4. At ___ night I had ___ terrible headache after I had drunk ___ lot of coffee in ___ evening.

5. My favourite subject at school is ___ Literature.

6. He knows ___ history of the French Revolution well.

7. The rent is 50 dollars ___ week.

8. We often go to ___ theatre and to ___ cinema.

9. Yesterday Dad came home at 8 o’clock, we had ___ dinner and then watched ___ TV. We went to ___ bed at 11 p.m.

10. — By ___ way, have you heard anything from Tom lately? — ___ last year he entered ___ Oxford University.

11. Are you going to ___ country ___ on Saturday?

12. ‘Do this exercise at ___ school and that one at ___ home’, said our teacher in ___ loud voice.

13. I went to ___ France last year, but I haven’t been to ___ England yet.

14. ___ Thames flows through ___ London.

15. ___ United Kingdom includes ___ Great Britain and ___ Northern Ireland.

16. ___ Queen Elizabeth II won’t speak on TV tomorrow.

17. ___ USA is ___ fourth largest country in ___ world after ___ Russia, Canada and ___ Republic of ___ China.

18. ___ Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

19. Have you ever been to ___ Bolshoi Theatre?

20. I’ve made up my mind to go to ___ Black Sea next summer.

21. ___ Lake Baikal is the deepest one in the world.

22. On Wednesday ___ Moscow Times published an article about the conference.

23. To tell ___ truth, I didn’t expect to see him.

24. ___ West End is the symbol of wealthy and luxurious life.

25. What ___ lovely poem?