James Fenimore Cooper

James Fenimore Cooper(1789—1851), was an American nov­elist and social critic. He is best known for «The Leather-Stocking Tales», five novels about Natty Bumppo, a frontiersman. The char­acter has other names in the series, including Leatherstocking. In «The Leather-Stocking Tales», Cooper became the first author to seriously portray American frontier scenes and characters.

In «The Leather-Stocking Tales», Cooper described Natty Bumppo's retreat from the advancing settlement of the forest. The novels introduce Natty Bumppo as a young man and follow him to old age and death. «The Leather-Stocking Tales», in the order of the hero's life, are «The Dccrslayer» (1841), «The Last of the Mohicans» (1826), «The Pathfinder» (1840), «The Pioneers» (1823), and «The Prairie» (1827). These action-filled stories con­trast two ways of life. Natty Bumppo and his brave, noble Indian friends live a life of freedom close to nature. The settlers bring civilization and social order, but they also selfishly or thoughtlessly misuse the wilderness.

Cooper's conservative ideas about society arc reflected in many of his writings. His works show his concern for the freedom of individuals and the rights of property owners. Cooper declared that he believed in democracy. However, he said he feared that majority

rule would bring disorder and injustice. Although he was deeply patriotic, Cooper thought that the United States should be governed by a small aristocracy of cultured and public-spirited landowners.

Cooper wrote several nonfiction works criticizing American life. The bast known include the essays «А Letter to his Countrymen» (1834) and «The American Democrat» (1838). He also wrote fiction about his ideals on civic leadership, including «Homeward Bound» (1838) and «Home as Found» (1838). Cooper defends property rights in three novels callcd «The Littlepage Manuscripts». The novels are «Satanstoe» (1845), «The Chainbearer» (1845), and «The Redskins» (1846).

Cooper wrote the first American novel about the sea, «The Pi­lot» (1823). This romance has a memorable character, Long Tom Coffin, who, like Natty Bumppo, is a daring figure who lives close to nature. Cooper also wrote other historical tales of exciting sea chases.

Cooper was bom in Burlington, N.J. He was raised in the sce­nic lakeside community of Cooperstown, N.Y., which was named for his father, William Cooper. «The Pioneers» and «The Deerslayer» are set in this lake region. Cooper served in the U.S. Navy from 1808 to 1811. He settled in upstate New York, intend­ing to become a gentleman farmer.

Cooper wrote his first novel, «Precaution», in 1820, but it re­ceived little critical praise. His next novel was «The Spy» (1821), a story about families during the Revolutionary War. Its immediate success encouraged Cooper to devote himself to writing.

Vocabulary

frontier - граница

retreat - приют, пристанище, убежище property - собственность declare - объявлять, заявлять chase - погоня scenic - живописный