Perfect Tenses

(REVISION)

Ex. 2. Familiarize yourself with the data of the following table:

AFFIRMATIVE FORM

to have + Participle II (V₃)

Present Perfect Tense (Active Voice)	have + V3 has	You have written a book.   She has written a book.
Past Perfect Tense (Active Voice)	had + V3	They had written a book.
Future Perfect Tense (Active Voice)	shall have + V3 will have	I shall have written a book.   This doctor will have written a book.
Present Perfect Tense (Passive Voice)	have been + V3 has been	The books have been written.   The book has been written.
Past Perfect Tense (Passive Voice)	had been + V3	The books had been written. The book had been written.
Future Perfect Tense (Passive Voice)	shall have been + V3 will have been	The book will have been written. The books will have been written.

Ex. 3. Read and translate the following sentences:

1. Ginseng root (корені женьшеню) has been used as an effective tonic for men and women since ancient times. 2. Research work of many scientists has helped to estimate that the rate of heart beat increases depending on the different emotions. 3. It has been estimated that during the past 30 years there has been as much progress in clinical medicine as in all the previous history of medicine combined. 4. Almost everyone has had an X-ray, either to visualize a broken bone or to check for a cavity in a tooth. 5. A few studies have suggested that drug is slightly more effective than other drugs in the treatment of kidney disorders. 6. The cardiac disorders have produced heart rate problems. 7. His nutrition has included breast milk and formula.

Ex. 4. Put the verbs into correct tense forms:

1. Anatomical imaging (to revolutionize) medical science. 2. Anatomical imaging (to make) a major contribution to that progress. 3. Once the computer (to analyze) the pattern of sounds waves, the information is transferred to a motion in which the result is visualized as an ultrasound image. 4. Excellent reviews on algorithms for the standard management of asthma and emergency management of asthma (publish). 5. Inhaled corticosteroids (to become) first-line therapy for the treatment of moderate to severe asthma.

Ex. 5. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Вчені визначили, що загальна|спільна| маса крові, котра нагнітається серцем щодня, складає близько 10 тонн|тонна-сил|. 2. Наукове дослідження дало фізіологам можливість|спроможність| установити, що серцевий|сердечний| м'яз скорочується біля однієї третини життя людини. 3. Тиск|тиснення| у правому передсерді збільшився. 4. Він установив, що під час фізичних вправ потік крові (blood| flow|) по судинах|посудинах| сильно змінюється. 5. Останні дослідження продемонстрували, що ці препарати можуть скоротити кількість летальних результатів|виходів| (deaths|), що виникають унаслідок|внаслідок| захворювань коронарних судин|посудин|.

Ex. 6. Familiarize yourself with the data of the following table:

INTERROGATIVE FORM

Tense	(1) Questioning word	(2) Auxiliary verb	(3) Subject	(4) Predicate	Example
Present Perfect Tense, Active Voice	What	have has	I, you, we they   he, she, it	V3	What has he received this week?
Past Perfect Tense, Active Voice	Why	had	I, he, she, it, you, we, they	V3	How many articles had the student read by 5 o’clock?
Future Perfect Tense, Active Voice	Where	shall will	I, we   he, she, it, you, they	have + V3	What text will Helen have translated by 3 o’clock?
Present Perfect Tense, Passive Voice	How many	have has	I, you, we they   he, she, it	been + V3	Has the text been translated today?
Past Perfect Tense, Passive Voice	How much	had	I, he, she, it, you, we, they	been + V3	Where hadthe patient been examined?
Future Perfect Tense, Passive Voice		shall will	I, we   he, she, it, you, they	have + been + V3	When will the hospital have been modernized?

Ex. 7. Translate the following interrogative sentences into Ukrainian:

1. How has the amount of radiation used for routine X-ray examinations been reduced over year? 2. Why has the heart transplantation become a routine procedure in many medical centers? 3. What inventions in medicine has V.P. Filatov made? 4. What hospitals have the Romans established? 5. What countries has the child mortality declined during the last decade? 6. Why have these methods of treatment used?

Ex. 8. Make the following sentences interrogative:

1. Physiologists have determined that in the adult the heart makes from 60 to 72 beats per minute. 2. Physiologists have called the first phase of short contraction of both atria – the atrial systole. 3. The oxygenated blood has passed the four pulmonary veins. 4. Pharmacological treatment for nocturnal asthma has been directed at the underlying mechanisms for the disease. 5. The scientists have discussed the mechanisms and physiological changes occurring during laparoscopy. 6. The movement of skeletal muscles and contraction of veins have increased the venous return to the heart. 7. Bronchodilator drug has been administered to patient to open narrowed passages in the lungs. 8. By 2020, the number of people over 60 will have grown to one billion.