Grammar Notes : Forms and Patterns

1. The Present Simple Tense

(a)

I play you play he (she, it) plays we play you play they play

do I play? do you play? does he (she, it) play? do we play? do you play? do they play?

I do not (don’t) play you do not (don’t) play he (she, it) does not (doesn’t) play we do not (don’t) play you do not (don’t) play they do not (don’t) play

(b) We use the Present Simple tense:

1. to express a habit

e.g. I get up at 7.30.

Dutch people travel a lot.

2. to express a fact which is always true

e.g. Vegetarians don’t eat meat.

We come from Spain.

3. to express a fact which is true for a long time

e.g. I live in Oxford.

She works in a bank.

(с) Types of questions:

Musicians play together in an orchestra.

1. Do musicians play together in an orchestra? 2. Do musicians play together in an orchestra or at a performance? 3. Where do musicians play together? 4. Musicians play together in an orchestra, don’t they? 5. Who plays together in an orchestra?

2. Position of Adverbs of Frequency

	Before the	main verb:		At the end of the sentence:
I	always usually often sometimes seldom hardly ever never	ask questions.		I	come here	every day. every three days. once a day. twice a day. three times a year.
	I	don’t	often	go swimming

Compare:

Position of Adverbs of Frequency
Before the main verb: (a) I usually get up at 6:00. (b) He never calls me.	After the verb «be»: (с) She is always late. (d) They are rarely happy.

3. The Plural of Nouns

1. Most words form the plural by adding -s or -es to the singular:

e.g. a tree – trees Note: a leaf – leaves But: a roof – roofs

a city – cities a wife – wives a safe – safes

a bus – buses a life – lives

2. Some words have irregular forms in the plural:

e.g. child – children ox –oxen man – men woman – women

foot – feet tooth – teeth goose – geese mouse – mice

3. Some words have the same form for the singular and the plural:

e.g. a deer – two deer

a sheep – two sheep

a Japanese – two Japanese

a Swiss – two Swiss

a fish – two fish

Drills

Drill 1. Do you get up early?

· Yes, I do.

· No, I don’t.

1. Do you finish work late? 2. Do you know French? 3. Do they write dictations? 4. Do you play hockey? 5. Do your friends swim well? 6. Do you go to work on Saturday? 7. Do you get up early?

8. Do you begin work at 8? 9. Do they read much? 10. Do you learn English? 11. Do you like tea? 12. Do you like coffee? 13. Do they play chess? 14. Do you like football?

Drill 2. Do you play golf every day?

· No, I don’t. I do not play golf every day.

1. Do you know French? 2. Do you speak Italian? 3. Do you smoke? 4. Do they watch TV every day? 5. Do you teach physics? 6. Do they travel a lot?

7. Does he like Chinese food? 8. Do you like Japanese cars? 9. Do they like their work? 10. Does he come home at 5? 11. Do we learn Spanish? 12. Do you play the piano?

Drill 3. He always leaves at one o’clock. (I)

· I always leave at one o’clock.

1. The bus 2. We 3. Mr Toby

4. You 5. The president 6. They

7. It 8. She and I 9. Our class

10. Her children 11. The mail 12. That flight

Drill 4. Do you ever study in the library?

· I always do. (usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never)

1. Do you ever spend your holidays abroad?

2. Does your brother ever play tennis?

3. Does Mike ever go to the theatre?

4. Does your sister ever study at night?

5. Do you ever miss your English classes?

6. Do you ever go away on business?

7. Does your mother ever go shopping on Sunday?

8. Does your father ever go fishing?

9. Do you ever listen to the news in the morning?

Drill 5.	The sky doesn’t look bad. (Those curtains) · Those curtains don’t look bad.
1. Mary 2. You 3. sound	4. This radio 5. They 6. feel	7. I 8. His new shoes 9. smell	10. This milk 11. taste 12. The meat

Drill 6. I read «The Times». And Tom?

· Tom reads «The Times» too.

1. I learn English. And Mary?

2. I spend very little. And Jack?

3. Mary teaches French. And her sister?

4. We live on the top floor. And Peter?

5. I visit my parents every week. And Mike?

6. They want to learn English. And Helen?

7. I finish work at 7. And your sister?

8. Jack knows French. And his brother?

Drill 7. Jack works hard. And his brother?

· His brother doesn’t work hard.

1. My sister reads much. And Peter?

2. Roger plays golf. And David?

3. I come home late on Monday. And Helen?

4. I get up early. And your brother?

5. Mike swims well. And his friend?

6. I make a lot of mistakes in my dictations. And Helen?

7. As a rule I have dinner at home. And John?

8. I watch TV in the morning. And Mike?

9. Harry drives a Rolls Royce. And Jim?

Drill 8. They learn English.

· Do they learn English?

1. We learn German.

2. They work in the morning.

3. I play the piano.

4. I always get up early.

5. We often make mistakes in our tests.

6. They always play tennis on Sunday.

7. I sometimes speak German.

8. You usually come home late.

9. I read a lot.

10. We always finish work at 5.

Drill 9. Victor goes to work by bus. And his parents? (by car)

· His parents go to work by car.

1. I like tea. And you? (coffee)

2. We begin our work at 8. And they? (at 9)

3. They leave home at 7. And you? (at 10)

4. They spend their holidays in the country. And your parents? (in town)

5. I collect records. And you? (stamps)

6. We write dictations. And they? (grammar tests)

Drill 10. I speak English. (French)

· Do you speak French too?

1. Steve listens to the radio every day. (watch television)

2. They like English tea. (English coffee)

3. Tom reads «The Times» (The Guardian)

4. They speak English. (other languages)

5. I like English people. (English weather)

6. Steve cooks Chinese food. (Indian food)

7. We visit our friends at the weekend. (during the week)

8. We speak English at our English lessons. (Russian)

9. Mrs. Wilson often travels about the country. (abroad)

10. I often translate English texts. (French texts)

11. They usually go to the University in the morning. (in the evening)

12. He usually has dinner at 2. (at 4)

Drill 11. Mike leaves home at 7. (you)

· When do you leave home? – At 8 as a rule.

1. Ann usually finishes work at 5. (Fred)

2. My mother usually goes shopping on Tuesday. (you)

3. Lucy has dinner at 2. (Mary)

4. Donald comes home at. (his father)

5. Jane has her classes in the morning. (you)

6. My son goes to bed at 9. (your children)

7. Our classes begin at 10. (your classes)

Drill 12.	Bag – bags [z]; pipe – pipes [s]; peach – peaches [iz]
1. book 2. bowl 3. moth 4. day	5. dish 6. ear 7. gun 8. hat	9. name 10. nose 11. page 12. piece	13. road 14. safe 15. stove 16. tape	17. thing 18. tub 19. watch 20. pen

Drill 13.	thief	Do you see a thief? · No, I see two thieves.
1. man 2. mouse 3. fish	4. tooth 5. child 6. woman	7. calf 8. wolf 9. foot	10. path 11. deer 12. Japanese

Vocabulary and Comprehension Exercises