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Географическое пространство, низкий уровень, удобный случай, достигать, использовать ресурс, в ожидании изменений, лучший путь, решение, стремление, цель, подробно рассказывать.

Вставьте артикль или предлог где необходимо.

1. Strategic planning determines... major goals … organization and... policies and strategies... obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals.

2. Planning is the first managerial function used... pursue organizational goals.

3. Tactical planning is... process... developing detailed, short-term decisions about what is to be done, who is to do it, and how it is to be done. … strategic planning stage,... company decides which customers to serve, what products or services to sell, and... geographic areas... which... firm will compete.

4. Tactical planning is normally done... managers... lower levels organization, whereas strategic planning is done … top managers … firm.

5. Contingency planning is... preparation... alternative courses... action that may be used if... primary plans do not achieve... objectives organization.... economic and competitive environments change so rapidly that it is wise to have alternative plans... action ready... anticipation... such changes.

Тест. Выберите правильный вариант.

1. The planning function is closely linked with the ------------ function.

a) organizing

b) controlling

c) motivating

d) leading

e) staffing

2. All but one of the following are elements of the planning process. Which one isn't an element?

a) resources;

b) plans;

c) actions;

d) objectives;

e) implementation.

3. The first step in the planning process is:

a) forecasting sales;

b) prioritizing objectives;

c) setting objectives;

d) identifying resources;

e) determining a course of action.

4. Planning implies that managers should be:

a) leaders;

b) capable organizers;

c) reactive;

d) proactive;

e) all of the above.