Modal Verbs

(Модальные глаголы)

CAN
Возможность что-нибудь сделать (могу, умею)
I can play the piano.(умею) He can answer the question.(может)	I cannot swim. (не умею) He cannot understand. (не может)
Can you sing?(умеете?) Can you help me?(можете?) I could not ski when I was little.(не умел) She could not jump so high.(не могла)

1. Translate into Russian.

1. Her grandmother can knit very well. 2. I can answer the questions. They are very easy. 3. This trip is too expensive for me. I can't afford it. 4. She can type. She can speak well on the telephone. She hopes she can find the job she's looking for. 5. Can you go to have lunch with me? — I'm sorry. I can't. 6. Mike can run very fast. 7. They can understand French. 8. Kate can speak English well. 9. My brother can come and help you in the garden. 10. Can you speak Spanish? 11. Can your brother help me with mathematics? 12. His little sister can walk al­ready. 13. The children cannot carry this box: it is too heavy. 14. My friend cannot come in time. 15. This old woman cannot sleep at night. 16. His sis­ter can cook very well. 17. I can sing, but I cannot dance. 18. Can't you wait till tomorrow morning? — I can wait, but my toothache can't.

TO BE ABLE TO CAN

He is able to do it.(может, в состоянии) He was able to do it yesterday.(мог) He will be able to do it tomorrow.(сможет) He has been able to swim since childhood.(умеет с детства)

2.Translate into English. Use to be able to.

1. Она не сможет вовремя добраться до аэропор­та. 2. Ты сможешь отправить ему электронную почту сегодня вечером? 3. Они какое-то время не смогут смотреть телевизор, с ним что-то случи­лось. 4. Боюсь, что он не сможет помочь мне пе­реехать в новый дом на следующей неделе. 5. Ты сможешь сделать эту работу завтра? 6. Я думаю, она не сумеет решить эту задачу. 7. Завтра я буду свободен и смогу помочь тебе. 8. Мы сможем по­ехать в Нью-Йорк в будущем году? 9. Ты сможешь починить мой магнитофон? 10. Вчера я не смог повидать директора, так как он был на конферен­ции, но сегодня после работы я смогу это сделать.

MAY

Разрешение (можно)

You may take my pen.(можете) You may not touch it.(нельзя) May I come in?(можно?)

В косвенной речи: Mother said that I might play. (сказала, что можно)

Предположение (может быть) It may rain soon.(может быть, пойдет дождь) Be careful: you may fall.(можешь упасть)

3. Translate into Russian.

1. May I invite Nick to our house? 2. You may go now. 3. If you have done your homework, you may go for a walk. 4. Don't go to the wood alone: you may lose your way. 5. May I go to the post office with Mike? 6. May I take Pete's bag? 7. Don't give the vase to the child: he may break it. 8. May we take notes with a pencil? 9. You may not cross the street when the light is red. 10. May I shut the door? 11. It stopped raining, and mother told us that we might go out. 12. May children play with scissors? 13. They may travel by sea. It may be cheaper, but it takes a long time. 14. It may be true. 15. May I come and see you? 16. Where have you been, may I ask?

ТО BE ALLOWED TO Эквивалент глагола MAY

We are allowed to stay at home.(нам разрешают) We were allowed to stay at home.(нам разрешили) We shall be allowed to stay at home.(нам разрешат)

4. Translate into English. Use to be allowed to.

1. Курить воспрещается. 2. Ему не позволили курить у них в доме. 3. В Англии вам разрешат водить машину, если вам 17 лет. 4. В США вам разрешают продолжать ездить на машине даже в возрасте 90 лет. 5. Мне разрешают пользоваться папиным магнитофоном. 6. Дети уже большие. Им Разрешают ходить в школу одним. 7. Ему не раз решают купаться в этой реке. 8. Вчера ей позво­лили прийти домой в десять часов. 9. Нам не поз­воляют разговаривать на уроках. 10. Тебе позво­лили взять эту книгу? 11. Я думаю, мне не разре­шат поехать с тобой за город. 12. Тебе разрешат пойти гулять, когда ты сделаешь уроки. 13. Тебе разрешали ходить на озеро, когда ты был малень­кий? 14. Когда мне позволят есть мороженое? 15. Вам не разрешается разговаривать на экзамене.

5. Fill in the blanks with verbs may or can.

1.... you see anything in this inky darkness? 2. You... go when you have finished your composi­tions. 3. What shall we do if the train is late? It... be late, you know, after the terrible snowstorms we've had. 4. When... you come and see me? — Let me see: I... not come tomorrow, for I must be at the meeting, but on Sunday I'll find time. Yes, you... expect me on Sunday about three o'clock. Will that be all right? 5. You... come in when you have tak­en off your boots. 6. Be careful: you... spill the milk if you carry it like that. 7. Most children... slide on the ice very well. 8. I don't think I... be here by eleven o'clock tomorrow, but I... be.

6. Fill in the blanks with modal verbs may or can.

1.... I come in? 2. Let me look at your exercises. I... be able to help you. 3. I... not swim, because until this year the doctor did not allow me to be more than two minutes in the water. But this year he says I... stay in for fifteen minutes if I like, so I am go­ing to learn to swim. 4. Libraries are quite free, and anyone who likes... get books there. 5. I... come and see you tomorrow if I have time. 6. Take your raincoat with you: it... rain today. 7. Do you think you... do that? 8. I... finish the work tomorrow if no one bothers me any more. 9.... we come and see you next Sunday at three o'clock in the afternoon? 10. What time is it? — It... be about six o'clock, but I am not sure. 11. Only a person who knows the language very well... answer such a question.

MUST

Долженствование

You must respect your parents.(должны) You must not go there.(нельзя) Must I learn it by heart?(должен?)

Предположение (должно быть)

It must be cold outside.(должно быть)

7. Translate into Russian.

1. You must work hard at your English. 2. You must learn the words. 3. Must we learn the poem 4. It must be very difficult to learn Chinese. 5. You must not talk at the lessons. 6. Everybody must come to school in time. 7. Don't ring him up: he must be very busy. 8. You must not make notes in the books. 9.1 must help my mother today. 10. Don't worry! This is not important. — Not important! You must be joking! 11. He never comes to work late! He must have overslept today. 12. You must not argue with the boss. 13. She must stop eating much and she must lose weight. 14. You must stop smok­ing! If you don't, you're going to have serious prob­lems with your lungs some day.

ТО HAVE TO Эквивалент глагола MUST
I have to go there. (надо) I had to go there. (пришлось) I shall have to go there. (придется)	I don't have to go there. (не надо) I didn't have to go there. (не пришлось) I shan't have to go there. 'не придется)
Do you have to go there?(надо?) Did you have to go there?(пришлось?) Will you have to go there?(придется?)

8. Translate into Russian.

1. Ihave not written the composition. I shall have to write it on Sunday. 2. We did not have to buy bis­cuits because our granny had baked a delicious pie. 3. Will you have to get up early tomorrow? 4. I had to do a lot of homework yesterday. 5. She had to stay at home because she did not feel well. 6. Pete had to stay at home because it was very cold. 7. Mike had to write this exercise at school because he had not done it at home. 8. They had to call the doctor be­cause the grandmother was ill. 9. Why did you have to stay at home yesterday? — Because my parents were not at home and I had to look after my little sister. 10. It was Sunday yesterday, so he didn't have to be at work, but he had to do a lot at home. 11. I am sorry I couldn't come yesterday. I had to work late. 12. Why do you have to get up early to­morrow? 13. I had to go to the hospital to visit my aunt. 14. What did you have to learn by heart? — At school, I had to learn a beautiful poem "Leisure" by William Henry Davies.

ТО HAVE ТО— ТО BE TO

Необходимость

ТО HAVE TO— вынужденная необходимость ТО BE TO — необходимость по договоренности, плану или приказу

I have to go there.— должен (вынужден) I had to go there. пришлось I am to go there.— должен, предстоит, (договорились, или такое расписание) I was to go there. предстояло

9. Translate into Russian.

1. I was to wait for her at the railway station. 2. We were to go to the cinema that afternoon. 3. We were to get there before the others. 4. He was to tell her where to find us. 5. She was to graduate that year. 6. She was to wear that dress at the grad­uation party. 7. He is to come here at five o'clock. 8. The train was to leave at 5 am. 9. They were to start on Monday. 10. He was to telephone the mo­ment she was out of danger. 11. Roses were to be planted round the pond. 12. There was to be a di­scussion later on.

10. Fill in the blanks with modal verbs to have to or to be to.

1. Where... the lecture to take place? — I sup­pose in the assembly hall. 2. So, our plan is as fol­lows: I... to go to the library and bring the books. You... to look through all the material here. Later we... to work together. 3. "You... to do it alone without anybody's help," she said sternly. 4. I... help my friends with this work now, so I cannot go with you. 5. It was raining hard and we... to wait until it stopped raining. 6. I... to ask him about it tomorrow, as today he has already gone. 7. Why didn't you tell me that I... to buy the books? 8. Ac­cording to the order of the schoolmistress all the pupils... to return the library books before the twenty-third of May. 9. As we had agreed before, we... to meet at two o'clock to go to the stadium together. But Mike did not come. I waited for an­other half hour, but then I... to leave as I was afraid to be late. 10. The meeting... to begin at five o'clock. Don't be late.

11. Fill in the blanks with modal verbs to have to or to be to.

1. She... to send a telegram because it was too late to send a letter. 2. They decided that she... to send them a telegram every tenth day. 3. You... to learn all the new words for the next lesson. 4. Do you know this man? He... to be our new teacher of history. 5. Who... to go to the library to get the new books? — I was, but I couldn't because I... to finish some work at the language laboratory. 6. It is raining. You... to put on your raincoat. 7. "The pa­tient... to stay in bed for a few days," ordered the doctor. 8. The child had stomach trouble and... to take castor oil. 9. I told her she... to open the win­dow for a while every day. 10. The agreement was that if Johnny White could not repay the money he had borrowed, then Luke Flint... to have the right to sell the land. 11. If I don't ring up before six o'clock, then you... to go to the concert hall alone _and wait for me at the entrance. Is that clear? 12. The planters... to gather their cotton at once, as they had been warned that heavy rains were ex­pected. 13. I... to wear glasses as my eyesight is very weak. 14. Johnny White... to borrow from Luke Flint at a high interest, for there was no one else in the district who lent money. 15. "Cheating is a very nasty thing," said the teacher, "and we... to get rid of it."

NEED

NEED NOT— отсутствие необходимости (можно не...) NEED...? — надо...?

You need not do it. — можете неделать Need I do it? — надо? Сравните: Ты не можешьделать этого. — You cannot do it. Ты можешь неделать этого. — You need not do it Обратите внимание: You need not have done it. — могли и неделать (а сделали)

12. Translate into Russian.

1. You cannot read so many books. 2. You need not read so many books. 3. Nick cannot go to school today. 4. Nick need not go to school today. 5. They cannot translate this article. 6. They need not trans­late this article. 7. My sister cannot write this let­ter: she is very busy. 8. My sister need not write this letter: I shall phone them. 9. She cannot buy bread. 10. She need not buy bread. 11. He could not stay there for the night. 12. He need not have stayed there for the night. 13. We could not do all this work. 14. We need not have done all this work. 15. She could not cook such a big dinner. 16. She need not have cooked such a big dinner. 17. They could not write the composition. 18. They need not have written the composition. 19. I could not go the library. 20. I need not have gone to the library.

SHOULD Следовало бы

You should work more seriously. —Вам следова­ло быработать серьезнее. Сравните: You should do it. —Вам следовало бысделать это (теперь). You should have done it. —Вам следовало бысделать это (раньше). You should not do it. —Вам не следовало быделать этого (теперь). You should not have done it. —Вам не следо­вало быделать этого (раньше).

Обратите внимание: You should have done it. — следовалосделать (а вы не сделали) You should not have done it. — не следовалоделать (а вы сделали)

13. Translate into Russian.

1. You should know how to raise your children not to be losers. 2. You shouldn't give the child ev­erything he wants. You shouldn't satisfy his every craving for food, drink and comfort. Otherwise, he will grow up to believe the world owes him a living. 3. You shouldn't laugh at him when he picks up bad words. This will make him think he isn't cute. It won't also encourage him to pick up "cuter" phras­es. 4. You shouldn't avoid use of the word "wrong". This won't condition him to believe, later, when he is arrested for stealing a car, that society is against him. 5. You shouldn't pick up everything he leaves lying around — books, shoes and clothing. You shouldn't do everything for him, otherwise, he will be experienced in throwing all responsibility onto oth­ers. Your child should know and do his duties at the expected time. He should have sense of responsibili­ty. He should be a decent person. 6. You shouldn't quarrel frequently in the presence of your child. Oth­erwise, he will not be too shocked when the home is broken up later. 7. You shouldn't take his part against neighbours, teachers and policemen. They aren't all prejudiced against your child. 8. When he gets into trouble, you shouldn't apologize for your­self by saying, "I never could do anything with him."