Four Ps

In popular usage, "marketing" is the promotion of products, especially advertising and branding. However, in professional usage the term has a wider meaning which recognizes that marketing is customer centered. Products are often developed to meet the desires of groups of customers or even, in some cases, for specific customers. E. Jerome McCarthy divided marketing into four general sets of activities. His typology has become so universally recognized that his four activity sets, the Four Ps, have passed into the language.

The four Ps are:

Product: The product aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the end-user's needs and wants.

Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a product, including discounts. The price need not be monetary - it can simply be what is exchanged for the product or services, e.g. time, energy, psychology or attention.

Promotion: This includes advertising, sales promotion, publicity, and personal selling, and refers to the various methods of promoting the product, brand, or company.

Placement or distribution refers to how the product gets to the customer; for example, point of sale placement or retailing. This fourth P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a product or services is sold, which geographic region or industry, to which segment (young adults, families, business people), etc.

These four elements are often referred to as the marketing mix. A marketer can use these variables to craft a marketing plan. The four Ps model is most useful when marketing low value consumer products. Industrial products, services, high value consumer products require adjustments to this model. Relationship marketing attempts to do this by looking at marketing from a long term relationship perspective rather than individual transactions.

The 4 Ps offer a memorable and quite workable guide to the major categories of marketing activity, as well as a framework within which these can be used.

Text 6

I. Remember the following words and word-combinations:

1. assembly line	складальний конвеєр
2. competitor	конкурент
3. average	середній
4. cost at a low cost production costs	коштувати за низькою ціною витрати виробництва
5. earner	той, хто заробляє
6. to establish	засновувати
7. expensive	коштовний
8. executive	керуючий робітник; відповідальний робітник
9. savings	економія; збереження; заощадження
10. manufacture	виробник
11. to produce	виробляти
12. to put within reach	робити доступним
13. to reduce	знижувати; зменшувати
14. to ship	відсилати (вантаж)
15. wage	зарплатня

II. Read and translate the text: