Vocabulary. scrap paper –макулатура

to deal in – торговать

scrap paper –макулатура

to load – загружать

railway cars – вагоны

building structures – здания

the Capitol – здание Конгресса

the Supreme Court – Верховный Суд

sky-scrapers – небоскребы

marble – мраморный

tomb – могила, склеп

shipping – грузоперевозка, судоходство

Speak about the capital of the United States.

1. Who chose the place for the District of Columbia?

2. What is the only industry in Washington?

3. Which American state does Washington belong to?

4. What historical places does Washington have?

5. Why does Washington attract many tourists today?

6. How many stars and stripes are there on the US flag?

Some more Texts for Reading

The famous people of Great Britain.

Text 1

Isaak Newton (1642-1727)

The great English scientist Isaak Newton was born on December 25, 1642.1n his early years young Isaak showed more as one who could made things with his hand then a scho­lar. He made various things -He made a clock that worked by water.

In June 1661 Newton entered the University of Cambridge where he studied mathematics. When Newton was twenty-two years old he began studying the theory of gravitation. In 1665, while he was on a visit in his native village, he saw an apple fall from a tree and began wondering what force made the apple fall.

At Cambridge Newton read with great interest the writings of Galileo, he knew the geometry of Descartes, and he worked out the methods of calculus. Newton performed many experiments with light and found that white light was made up of rays of different colors. He invented a reflecting telescope. Newton developed a mathematical method which is known as the Binomial Theorem and also differential and integral calculus.

In 1673 Newton gathered together all his earlier calculations and succeeded in completing his whole theory. He examined the attraction of one mass by another. He showed that a massive sphere here attracts another as if the whole mass were in the centre. This was of great importance. It enabled Newton to treat the problems of the sun, moon and earth like problems of geometry. He at last justified the method of treatment which he had first adopted for the problem of the earth and moon. The proof of his universe square law was not complete. He had demonstrated that the gravitation pull of the earth extends as far as the moon and keeps it in its orbit. He demonstrated that this pull is in accordance with the same law as that by which a stone falls to the ground, namely gravity. Newton's great work "Elements of Natural Philosophy" was published only in the middle of 1687.

Isaak Newton died in 1727 at the age of 85. He was buried with honors as a national hero.

Vocabulary

calculus – исчисление

Binomial Theorem – бином Ньютона'

the differential and integral calculus – дифференциальное и интегральное исчисление

universe square law – закон равенства действия и противодействия

to justify – подтверждать

"Elements of Natural Philosophy" – "Математические начала натуральной философии"

the law of gravitation – закон тяготения

Text 2

William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616)

William Shakespeare is the greatest of all playwrights and poets of all times. He was born on the 23rd of April 1564 in Stratford-on-Avon. In Stratford there is The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, and a very old hotel with no numbers on the doors of the rooms. Instead every room has the name of a Shakespeare play on it: the Macbeth room, the Othello room, and so on.

He attended the local grammar school and got a classical education. For endless hours Latin grammar was taught; no geography, no science, no history... Almost the only reading in English was from the Bible. Very often companies of strolling players visited Stratford and Will made contact with actors, so he gained some knowledge of actors and the stage.

At the age of eighteen he got married and had three children.

In 1587 Shakespeare moved to London. Soon he became an actor playing supporting roles like the ghost in "Hamlet". In 1599 Shakespeare became a part owner of the Globe Theatre in London. The Globe, which was not far from London Bridge, was now the chief of London's theatres.

The stage had no curtain. The audience stood on the ground or sat in the galleries all round except at the back. There was no scenery.

When it was necessary to tell where the scene was to take place, it was told by the Prologue in the introduction to the play. An important member of the company was the clown. No women were allowed to be on the stage, and all women's part were played by young boys.

Shakespeare's work as a playwright is subdivided into three periods. Written in the first period, Shakespeare's plays are mostly history plays like "Henry VI", and comedies with strong-elements of farce ("The Comedy of Errors"). His masterpiece of this period is "Romeo and Juliet".

In the second period Shakespeare wrote a number of comedies where he moved away from farce towards romance ("Much ado about nothing", "A Midsummer Night's Dream", “The twelfth night", "As you like it").

In the third period, after 1600, appeared his major tragedies - "Hamlet", "Othello", "Macbeth", and "King Lear".

Many of his plays do not deal with English life, but with places far from his native land. He has left us in the plays a gallery of characters such as no other writer has given us.

He is great in every kind of play. His comedies make people laugh, his tragedies produce tears. He describes men's passions and emotions in the finest poetic language.

Shakespeare was a great poet and would be well known for his poetry alone. His major achievement as a poet is his sonnets. A sonnet is a poem consisting of 14 lines, with a moral at the end. The sonnets deal with the great themes of love, friendship, death and immortality. They are Ml of harmony and music; they praise love, friendship and beauty, though there is no sentimentality in them.

He had done two men's work, as actor and as author, and within twenty years, had written more than thirty plays. He died on the 23rd of April, 1616.