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Hold a business exchange of opinions using the given cliches, set expressions, and some prompts.
Work with partners.
1. Как вы знаете, в свободной торговле су-
I think it’s an interesting point.
ронам политики свободной междуна-
•expands mercantilexchanges.
родной торговли? I’d like to ad that.
•fre trade promotes international specialization makes the gods 2. Безусловно, ответыse lsenpxevi верные в отношении.ilebv I
положительных сторон политики сво-
export—import operations are realized in
бодной торговли. Но давайте посмот-
case of a perfect form.
рим, в чем принципиальное различие со-
In case of an imperfect form, the same
вершенной и несо дунежаорднмигорй.тволвершенной форм.iltsaezdno rae
a reop
3. Несовершенная форма международной
sm sa.ro rsaA tfeh f,fenow I k
Development
3.7.1. Reading (skimming, scanning for subject and language study)
3.7.1.1. Read the text “Free Thide. Advantages and Disadvantages” and make a synopsis of it in
Ian.
(!) Free Trade. Advanta ges and Disadvantages
By free trade we mean the condition in which the free flow of goods and services in international
ex change is neither restricted nor encouraged by direct government intervention. In practice all govern ments
are involved in regulating overseas trade in some way. The most common means of affecting the
distribution and levels of international trade are import tariffs, import quotas and export subsidies (export
incentives). It has been broadly accepted among economists that an international free-trade policy
is desirable to optimize world output and income levels in the long run. The Organization for European
Cooperation and Development and the United Nations (World Trade Organization) are committed to
fr eeing world trade, but most economists would agree that under present conditions complete freedom
of trade would not be desirable. In any case, it is clear that individual countries could gain from protectionism
(customs unions; first-mover advantage; infant-industry argument; protection).
Towards the end of the eighteenth century there was a reaction against mercantilism, which had
advocated government intervention to obtain surpluses on visible trade. This reaction was consolidated
in a new economic liberalism and the doctrine of laissez-faire. The classical economists’ support
of a free-trade policy was not so much based on specific economic analyses of international trade as
simply part of their general belief in what Adam Smith called the “hidden hand” — the greatest good
is achieved if each individual is left to seek his own profit. The free-trade era lasted in England for
almost a century. After the First World War economic nationalism reached its peak and free trade was
abandoned for protectionism. However, since the end of the Second World War there has been a
general acceptance internationally of the dangers of protectionism and some reduction in international
trade barriers, especially for manufactured goods. Progress has been slow, and has paradoxically
been associated with the growth of regional customs unions. Some economists have advocated
unilateral free trade (countries can help themselves by freeing up imports, regardless of other countries’
behaviour). Other economists have seen the problem as that of the prisoner’s dilemma — with
individual incentives for nations to restrict trade, but a collective interest that all nations should pursue
it. In practice, the latter view is reflected in the many set-piece negotiations through the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and culminating in the setting up of the World Trade Organization.
Дата публикования: 2014-12-28; Прочитано: 153 | Нарушение авторского права страницы | Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!