Exercise 10. Translate the following sentences into English

1. Україна здобула незалежність у 1991 році і стикнулась із великою кількістю проблем.	_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________
2. Наша країна володіє 20% світового ресурсу залізної руди і металургія є провідним сектором експорту України.	__________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________
3. Машинобудівна промис-ловість забезпечує робочими місцями близько ¼ українських працівників та виготовляє кораблі, літаки, локомотиви та машинне обладнання.	__________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________
4. Східна частина країни – це місце розташування майже всіх великих металообробних компаній.	__________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________
5. За час незалежності України великих змін зазнали легка та машинобудівна галузі промисло-вості.	__________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________
6. Статус ринкової економіки наблизив країну до вступу в Європейський Союз та Світову Організацію Торгівлі (СОТ).	__________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________
7. Основними статтями як експорту, так і імпорту України є продукція хімічної промисло-вості, машинне устаткування та сільськогосподарські культури.	__________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________
8. Вітчизняне виробництво газу та нафти не задовольняє попит країни і тому Україна поклада-ється на газ та нафту, імпорто-вані з Туркменістану та Росії.	__________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________
9. Вугілля, природний газ та залізна руда – основні види продукції гірничо-видобувної промисловості.	__________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________

Economy of Ukraine

Text B

Ukraine is an agro-industrial country. With its rich farmlands, a well-developed industrial base, highly trained labour, and a good education system, Ukraine has the potential to become a major European economy.

The country’s light industry has experienced great changes lately. It manufactures such processed foods as refined sugar, canned foods, and wine; consumer goods, including television sets, washing machines, refrigerators, clothes, shoes, and chemical fertilizers as well.

Agriculture, one of the country’s key economic sectors, produces 12.8% of GDP employing a fifth of the working population.

Ukraine has a favorable combination of moderate climate, fertile black soils, called chernozem, and labor resources, as well as developed transport infrastructure, and close foreign markets. The country has about 30,000 hectares of land under cultivation. These account for higher potential for considerable progress in agricultural production.

Owing partly to rich soils and a favorable climate, Ukraine's crop production is highly developed.

Grain output is almost 1 ton per person. Ukraine ranks as a leading wheat-growing country. Besides wheat, such grains as barley, corn, legumes¹, oats, rye², millet³, buckwheat⁴ are grown. Other food crops include potatoes, vegetables, melons, berries, other fruit, nuts, and grapes. Ukraine is the world's largest producer of sugar beets, the most important industrial crop. Sugar beet production per person is 1000kg (in France – 415kg, in Germany – 332kg, in Hungary – 450kg). Sunflower seeds, the principal oil crop, are most common in the steppe zone, where mustard, flax, poppy⁵ and other seeds are also grown for oil.

Ukraine's livestock sector lags behind the crop sector, because of insufficient government supportand low private investment amounts. The country’s cattle breeding needs significant investments in order to revive and restore livestock. Annual meat production is about 70kg per person (in the USA – 120kg, in Hungary – 160kg, in Germany – 95kg).

Cattle and pigs are bred throughout Ukraine. Concentrations of dairy herds⁶, however, occur primarily in the forest-steppe, especially close to large cities, and beef cattle is wide spread in areas of natural pastures and hayfields⁷, as in the Polissya and the Carpathian foothills⁸. Sheep and goats are more common in the Carpathian Mountains and in some parts of the southern steppe and the Crimea.

Great progress has been made in poultry farming, fishing, and bee-farming. Furthermore, the European Commission recently permitted the import of Ukrainian milk and eggs into the European Union following extensive investigations, which should result in more investment into the agriculture in order to bring produce up to EU standards and open up huge potential sales opportunities. Chickens, geese, and turkeys are raised in all regions for meat and egg production, but large-scale broiler and egg-laying operations are concentrated close to large cities. Bees are kept in all parts of Ukraine for pollination and production of honey and wax.

The Black Sea estuaries⁹ and the Sea of Azov are the main fishing grounds.

The agricultural processing sector is regarded as the first priority in the Ukrainian economy but the level of state support to domestic agricultural producers is still much lower than in the developed economies. Despite fertile lands the level of productivity remains low in comparison with most European countries. The reason is the shortage of new technologies, machinery and skilled specialists. There is also a lack of good sizeable storage facilities¹⁰ for agricultural commodities.

Agribusiness¹¹ requires further restructuring to provide stable growth and utilization of its potential. Ukraine’s banks and its traditional heavy industries have certainly received the lion’s share of attention from international investors since 1991. However, foreign investments in agribusiness are also rather important for the country’s economy. Among various donor aid organizations the EU, The World Bank, the EBRD (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development), and USAID (United States Agency for International Development) are the most active and significant investors in Ukrainian agriculture.

Foreign direct investments bring not only capital into the country but also new management and technical skills as well as new technology and production methods. This in turn will improve the price, quality and service to farmers, traders, processing, refining, and bio-fuel production¹².

Agriculture in Ukraine will benefit from the EU expansion if it raises production effectiveness and quality standards.